Effects of Teenage Pregnancy on Education of Female Students in Calabar South Local Government Area, Cross River State
Keywords:
Teenage, Pregnancy, Education of Female Students
Abstract
This research project examined the Effects of Pregnancy on Education of Female Students in Calabar South LGA, Cross River State. A descriptive survey design was used to conduct the study. Three research questions and hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study population was 1778 teenage girls. Taro Yamane’s was used to obtain the population size of 327 respondents. Structured questionnaire was face validated and used to collect data, the reliability was determined with Cronbach’s alpha using SPSS which revealed a 0.900, 0.905 and 0.901 coefficient for question 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Data collected was subject to descriptive statistics using percentages, mean and standard deviation and presented in tables. The hypotheses were tested with Pearson’s correlation coefficient at 0.05 significance level. The findings of the study revealed that teenage pregnancy affects the education of female students in Calabar South LGA. There is a negative relationship between teenage pregnancy and school attendance, academic interest and academic output. This means that, if the rate of teenage pregnancy is high, there will be low record of school attendance, academic interest and academic output respectively. Based on the findings, it was recommended amongst others, that, school-based daycare facilities be provided for soon to be/already teenage mothers, policies should be introduced to permit teenage mothers to remain in secondary school education, sex education should be initiated as early as 10 years of age and that appropriate messages should be designed for specific age group to be included in the school curriculum, among others.
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References
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Chabra, S. (1991). Prenatal outcome in teenage mothers. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of
India, 41 (1), 30.
Chiazor, A. I., Ozoya, M. I., Idowu, A. E., Udume, M., &Osagide, M. (2017). Teenage Pregnancy:The Female Adolescent Dilemma. International Journal of Science Commerce andHumanities, 5(1), 70-82.
Davies, S. L. (2014). Relationship characteristics and sexual practices of African American
adolescent girls who desire pregnancy. Health Education & Behaviors, 31(2), 85-96
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People. A Review Update. Geneva: UNAIDS Publication.
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AllanGuttermacher Institute.
Gyan, C. (2013). The Effects of Teenage Pregnancy on the Educational Attainment ofGirls at
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Hashmi, S. A., (2013). Adolescence: An age of storm and stress. Review of Arts and Humanities,2(1).
Haveman, R.H., Wolfe, B. & Peterson, E., (1997). Children of early child bearers as young
adultsin kids having kids: Economic costs and social costs of teen pregnancy. InR. Maynard(Eds). Urban Washing DC: Urban Institute Press.
Hoffman, S.D., (2006). By the numbers: The public costs of adolescent childbearing. The nation
campaign to prevent teen pregnancy. Washington DC: The NationalCampaign to PreventTeen and Unplanned Pregnancy.
Hofforth, S. L., Reid, L. M. & Frank, L. (2001). The effects of early childbearing on schoolingovertime. Family planning perspective, 33(6): 65-72
Hofforth, S.L., Reid L.M. & Frank L. (2001). The effects of early childbearing on schooling
overtime. Family Planning Perspectives, 33(6): 65-72.
Hosie, A. C.S. (2007). “I hated everything about schools”. An examination of the relationship
betweendislike of school, teenage pregnancy and educational disengagement.Journal ofSocial Policy and Society 6(3), 333-347.
Hosie, A.C.S. (2007). “I Hated Everything about School”: An Examination of the Relationship
betweenDislike of School, Teenage Pregnancy and Educational Disengagement.SocialPolicyandSociety,6,333-347.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746407003661
Igba D. I., et al (2018). Teenage Pregnancy and Girl-Child Education. International Journal
ofApplied Environmental Sciences. Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 13, Number 3 (2018), pp. 237-248
Iman (2004). Teenage Pregnancy in Africa. London Press Ltd.
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IDB.https://www.iadb.org/en/news/educational-failure-pregnancies-skip- school
Kaufmann, C. (2001). Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood in South Africa. Studies in FamilyPlanning, 32, 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2001.00147.x
Kiernan, K. (2010). Becoming a young parent: a longitudinal study of associated factors, British Journal of Sociology 48(3): 406-428
Leedy, D. P. & Ormrod, J. E. (2001). Practical research: Planning and design. New Jersey:
Merrill prentice hall.
Mang’atu, M. B., &Kisimbii, J. (2019). Factors Influencing Teenage Pregnancies in KenyanPublic Primary Schools: A Case of Kitui County Kenya. Journal of Entrepreneurship &Project management, 3(4), 11-26.
Marnach, E. F., Forrest, J. D. & Goldman, N. (2013). Teenage Pregnancy in Industrialized
Countries. Yale university press, New Haven Connecticut.
Melgosa, J. (2001). To adolescents and parents. Spain; Marpa Artes.
Melissa, F. (2012). Teenage pregnancy from http://wwerarly Symptoms of pregnancy.
Mollborn, S., (2007). Making the Best of a Bad Situation; material resources and teenage parenthood.Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(1): 92-104.
Morrison, D. M., (1985). Adolescent contraceptive behavior: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 98,538-568
Nikulina, P., SpatzWidom, A., &Czaja, Q. (2016). Politics and society in South Eastern Nigeria,1841-1906. London: Apcon Press ltd.
Nwosu, R. (2017). The impact of child sexual abuse on parenting: A female perspective. Cited
inG. R. Walz & R. K. Yep (Eds.), VISTA: Compelling perspectives on counselling, (2016):267-270.
Okello-Wengi, S. (2018). Socio-economic factors contributing to girl child abuse in Botswana.Canadian International Development Agency, 2:1-33.
Okolie, S. A., (2005). The Impact of Sex Education in our Contemporary School. Enugu: Mike
Social Press,
Okoye, N. N. (2001). The therapeutic killings in psychology and counselling. Awka: EruditionPublishers.
Onuzulike, N. M., (2002). Issues in health. Owerri: McWilliams publishers.
Onuzulike, N. M., (2003). Adolescent pregnancy: Issues and prevention strategies. Paper presentedat the annual conference of the Nigeria Association of Health Education Teachers(NAHET) at Awka.
Oyedele, O. A., Wright, S. C. & Maja, T. M. (2015). Guidelines for Community Participation
inTeenage Pregnancy Prevention Based on the Community as PartnerModel.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.journaljsrr.com/index.php/JSRR/article/view/21569
Pajares, F. (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy.Retrieved 2/23/08from http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/eff.html
Peter, P. (2015). Quick facts: What is child sexual abuse?Retrievedfromhttp:// www.parents protect.co.uk/quick_facts.htm
Quinlivan, J. A., Tan, L. H., Steele, A., & Black, K. (2004). Impact of demographic factors,
earlyfamily relationships and depressive symptomatology in teenage pregnancy. Australian &New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(4), 197-203.
Rojas, A. M. (1989). Making the most of adolescence. Washington D.C:National academy of
sciences.
Saikia, R. (2017). Broken family: Its causes and effects on the development of children. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(2), 445-448.
Sambo (2009). Child Development and Personality. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
Schreine, E. (2018). Peer pressure in teenage pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.modernmom.com/798f50f0-3b45-11e3-8407-bc764e04a41e.html
Shriver, E. K. (2013). “Pregnancy: Condition Information”. national institute of child health
andhuman development. 19 December 2013.
Skyes, J.B. (2000). The concise oxford dictionary of current English. Oxford: Clarendon press.
Solomon-Fears, C. D. (2017). Teenage Pregnancy Prevention: Statistics and Programs. Retrievedfrom
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Teenage-Pregnancy- Prevention%3A-Statistics-and-Solomon-Fears/2f52e79504301ed151b0829f56241 b7004efd53e
Stevens-Simon, C. & McAnarney, E. (1993). Textbooks of adolescent Medicine. London:W.B.
Saunders Company.
Turner, J.S., & Helms, D.B. (1993). Lifespan development. United States of American: CBSCollege Publishing.
Ukekwe, E. N. (2001). Strategies for the prevention of adolescent pregnancy among secondaryschool students in Abia State. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka.
Undiyaundeye, F. A. (2012). Introduction to Child Studies: Help us grow into our Dreams.
Obudu:Refjamic Printing and Publishing co.
Undiyaundeye, F. A., Agba, A. A., &Mandeun, T. (2015). The Effect of Teenage Pregnancy on
TheGirl-Child in Nigerian Society. International Journal of multidisciplinaryThroughout,CDROM. ISSN, 2156-6992.
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA, 2018). In ending child marriage: A guide for global
policy action. New York: International Planned UNIFPA
Widman, L., Choukas-Bradley, S., Helms, S. W., &Prinstein, M. J. (2016). Adolescent susceptibility to peer influence in sexual situations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(3),323-329.
Williams (2009). The Family and Individual Development. London: Citystock Publications.
World Health Organization (2017). Progress in sexual and reproductive health research. Geneva:WHO
World Health Organization (2018). Government and partners rally against adolescent pregnancyand unsafe abortions
https://www.afro.who.int/news/government-and -partners-rally-against-adolescent-pregnancy-and-unsafe-abortions
Aderson, K. (2000). Marriage, Family and Sexuality U.S.A.Edysyl Publishing Co.
Adesomowo, P. O. (1988). Prevalence of problems adolescents consider appropriate for counseling: An investigation. Journal of Educational psychology, 3 (1), 102-106.
Ajala, I. &Edukugbo, P. (2015). Teenage Pregnancy and Psychological and Social Health.
TheJournal of the Public Health Association, 70 (5-6): 609-625
Alabi, O., & Oni, I. O. (2017). Teenage Pregnancy in Nigeria: Causes, Effect and Control.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(2), 17-32.
Allan Guttmacher Institute (1988). Into a new world: young women’s sexual and reproductivelives. New York: The author.
Amoran, P. (2012). Sexual Abuse. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual abuse
Audu, J. A. (1997). Associated factors, incidence and complications of pregnancies among adolescentgirlsinZangoKatafLGA.UnpublishedM.ed.project, University of Nigeria Nsukka.
Ayuba, I. I., &Gani, O. (2012). Outcome of teenage pregnancy in the Niger delta of Nigeria.Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 22(1), 45-50.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. PsychologyReview, 84, 191-215
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior(Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman
[Ed.],Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998).
Bandura, A. (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1973). Process governing disinhibitory effects through symbolicmodeling. Jour of Abnormal psychology, 82, 1-9.
Bower, C., (2017). The Relationship Between Child Abuse and Poverty. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066368?seq=1
Briggs, L.A. (2001). Adolescent pregnancy: A World- wide concern. Lagos: Timi Hyacinth
Enterprises.
Brown, J. (2001). Single and gifted: making the most of your singleness. England: Autum House
Grantham Lines.
Chabra, S. (1991). Prenatal outcome in teenage mothers. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of
India, 41 (1), 30.
Chiazor, A. I., Ozoya, M. I., Idowu, A. E., Udume, M., &Osagide, M. (2017). Teenage Pregnancy:The Female Adolescent Dilemma. International Journal of Science Commerce andHumanities, 5(1), 70-82.
Davies, S. L. (2014). Relationship characteristics and sexual practices of African American
adolescent girls who desire pregnancy. Health Education & Behaviors, 31(2), 85-96
Day, N. L., (2009). Body size and intelligence in 60 – years old’s: Are offspring of teenage
Motherat risk? Materials and Child Health Journal, 13(6): 162-173.
Dryfoos, J. G., (1990). Adolescent at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention, Oxford University Press,
New York.
Efiong, S. (2006). Adolescent and Adult Health. Nsukka Enugu State, Afro-Orbis Publisher.
Egbo, J.O.E., (2009). Focus on low School Male Enrollment: Causes and Solutions explored.
Journal of Arts and Social Science Education, Ebonyi State University 1 (1)4753
Ekpo, K., &Osam, E. (2009). Curriculum implementation in the senior secondary education.
Curriculum Organization of Nigeria (Ed.), Curriculum theory and practice, 180-185.
Ekwueme, F. N. (2000 Oct.6). Adolescent pregnancy: issues and concerns.
Ezoera, J. C. (1982). Sex before marriage. Diewa Journal 32, 8-10.
Furstenberg, F. F., Brooks-Gunn J. &Chaselansdale, L. (1989). American Psychologist vol. 44,
pp.313-320.
Gordon, S. (1983). The politics of pregnancy prevention and sex education. In G.W. Albee,
S.Gordon & H. leitenberg (Eds.), Promoting sexual responsibility and preventing sex relatedproblems. (Pp 401-403). England: University press.
Gorgen, R., Maier, B., &Diesfield, H.J. (1993). Problems related to schoolgirl pregnancies in
Burkina faso. Studies in family planning, 24 (5), 283-284. Graficas.
Grunseit, A. (2007). Impact on HIV and Sexual Health Education: Sexual Behavior of Young
People. A Review Update. Geneva: UNAIDS Publication.
Guttermacher Institute (1999). Facts and belief: Teens’ sex and pregnancy. New York: The
AllanGuttermacher Institute.
Gyan, C. (2013). The Effects of Teenage Pregnancy on the Educational Attainment ofGirls at
Chorkor, a Suburb of Accra. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3,No. 3. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2013.v4n3p53
Hashmi, S. A., (2013). Adolescence: An age of storm and stress. Review of Arts and Humanities,2(1).
Haveman, R.H., Wolfe, B. & Peterson, E., (1997). Children of early child bearers as young
adultsin kids having kids: Economic costs and social costs of teen pregnancy. InR. Maynard(Eds). Urban Washing DC: Urban Institute Press.
Hoffman, S.D., (2006). By the numbers: The public costs of adolescent childbearing. The nation
campaign to prevent teen pregnancy. Washington DC: The NationalCampaign to PreventTeen and Unplanned Pregnancy.
Hofforth, S. L., Reid, L. M. & Frank, L. (2001). The effects of early childbearing on schoolingovertime. Family planning perspective, 33(6): 65-72
Hofforth, S.L., Reid L.M. & Frank L. (2001). The effects of early childbearing on schooling
overtime. Family Planning Perspectives, 33(6): 65-72.
Hosie, A. C.S. (2007). “I hated everything about schools”. An examination of the relationship
betweendislike of school, teenage pregnancy and educational disengagement.Journal ofSocial Policy and Society 6(3), 333-347.
Hosie, A.C.S. (2007). “I Hated Everything about School”: An Examination of the Relationship
betweenDislike of School, Teenage Pregnancy and Educational Disengagement.SocialPolicyandSociety,6,333-347.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746407003661
Igba D. I., et al (2018). Teenage Pregnancy and Girl-Child Education. International Journal
ofApplied Environmental Sciences. Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 13, Number 3 (2018), pp. 237-248
Iman (2004). Teenage Pregnancy in Africa. London Press Ltd.
Inter-American Development Bank, (2011). Educational failure: Pregnancies to skip school.
IDB.https://www.iadb.org/en/news/educational-failure-pregnancies-skip- school
Kaufmann, C. (2001). Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood in South Africa. Studies in FamilyPlanning, 32, 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2001.00147.x
Kiernan, K. (2010). Becoming a young parent: a longitudinal study of associated factors, British Journal of Sociology 48(3): 406-428
Leedy, D. P. & Ormrod, J. E. (2001). Practical research: Planning and design. New Jersey:
Merrill prentice hall.
Mang’atu, M. B., &Kisimbii, J. (2019). Factors Influencing Teenage Pregnancies in KenyanPublic Primary Schools: A Case of Kitui County Kenya. Journal of Entrepreneurship &Project management, 3(4), 11-26.
Marnach, E. F., Forrest, J. D. & Goldman, N. (2013). Teenage Pregnancy in Industrialized
Countries. Yale university press, New Haven Connecticut.
Melgosa, J. (2001). To adolescents and parents. Spain; Marpa Artes.
Melissa, F. (2012). Teenage pregnancy from http://wwerarly Symptoms of pregnancy.
Mollborn, S., (2007). Making the Best of a Bad Situation; material resources and teenage parenthood.Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(1): 92-104.
Morrison, D. M., (1985). Adolescent contraceptive behavior: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 98,538-568
Nikulina, P., SpatzWidom, A., &Czaja, Q. (2016). Politics and society in South Eastern Nigeria,1841-1906. London: Apcon Press ltd.
Nwosu, R. (2017). The impact of child sexual abuse on parenting: A female perspective. Cited
inG. R. Walz & R. K. Yep (Eds.), VISTA: Compelling perspectives on counselling, (2016):267-270.
Okello-Wengi, S. (2018). Socio-economic factors contributing to girl child abuse in Botswana.Canadian International Development Agency, 2:1-33.
Okolie, S. A., (2005). The Impact of Sex Education in our Contemporary School. Enugu: Mike
Social Press,
Okoye, N. N. (2001). The therapeutic killings in psychology and counselling. Awka: EruditionPublishers.
Onuzulike, N. M., (2002). Issues in health. Owerri: McWilliams publishers.
Onuzulike, N. M., (2003). Adolescent pregnancy: Issues and prevention strategies. Paper presentedat the annual conference of the Nigeria Association of Health Education Teachers(NAHET) at Awka.
Oyedele, O. A., Wright, S. C. & Maja, T. M. (2015). Guidelines for Community Participation
inTeenage Pregnancy Prevention Based on the Community as PartnerModel.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.journaljsrr.com/index.php/JSRR/article/view/21569
Pajares, F. (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy.Retrieved 2/23/08from http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/eff.html
Peter, P. (2015). Quick facts: What is child sexual abuse?Retrievedfromhttp:// www.parents protect.co.uk/quick_facts.htm
Quinlivan, J. A., Tan, L. H., Steele, A., & Black, K. (2004). Impact of demographic factors,
earlyfamily relationships and depressive symptomatology in teenage pregnancy. Australian &New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(4), 197-203.
Rojas, A. M. (1989). Making the most of adolescence. Washington D.C:National academy of
sciences.
Saikia, R. (2017). Broken family: Its causes and effects on the development of children. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(2), 445-448.
Sambo (2009). Child Development and Personality. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
Schreine, E. (2018). Peer pressure in teenage pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.modernmom.com/798f50f0-3b45-11e3-8407-bc764e04a41e.html
Shriver, E. K. (2013). “Pregnancy: Condition Information”. national institute of child health
andhuman development. 19 December 2013.
Skyes, J.B. (2000). The concise oxford dictionary of current English. Oxford: Clarendon press.
Solomon-Fears, C. D. (2017). Teenage Pregnancy Prevention: Statistics and Programs. Retrievedfrom
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Teenage-Pregnancy- Prevention%3A-Statistics-and-Solomon-Fears/2f52e79504301ed151b0829f56241 b7004efd53e
Stevens-Simon, C. & McAnarney, E. (1993). Textbooks of adolescent Medicine. London:W.B.
Saunders Company.
Turner, J.S., & Helms, D.B. (1993). Lifespan development. United States of American: CBSCollege Publishing.
Ukekwe, E. N. (2001). Strategies for the prevention of adolescent pregnancy among secondaryschool students in Abia State. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka.
Undiyaundeye, F. A. (2012). Introduction to Child Studies: Help us grow into our Dreams.
Obudu:Refjamic Printing and Publishing co.
Undiyaundeye, F. A., Agba, A. A., &Mandeun, T. (2015). The Effect of Teenage Pregnancy on
TheGirl-Child in Nigerian Society. International Journal of multidisciplinaryThroughout,CDROM. ISSN, 2156-6992.
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA, 2018). In ending child marriage: A guide for global
policy action. New York: International Planned UNIFPA
Widman, L., Choukas-Bradley, S., Helms, S. W., &Prinstein, M. J. (2016). Adolescent susceptibility to peer influence in sexual situations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(3),323-329.
Williams (2009). The Family and Individual Development. London: Citystock Publications.
World Health Organization (2017). Progress in sexual and reproductive health research. Geneva:WHO
World Health Organization (2018). Government and partners rally against adolescent pregnancyand unsafe abortions
https://www.afro.who.int/news/government-and -partners-rally-against-adolescent-pregnancy-and-unsafe-abortions
Published
2024-11-20
How to Cite
Edet Okon, U., & Augustina Chikaodili, I. (2024). Effects of Teenage Pregnancy on Education of Female Students in Calabar South Local Government Area, Cross River State. GPH-International Journal of Educational Research, 7(10), 22-65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14237660
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