The Effect of Methanolic Extract of Costus afer Leaves on the Lipid Profile of Chronically Stressed and Non-Stressed Male Wistar Rats
Keywords:
Methalonic extract, Chronically stress, Non-stresses, Lipid profileand Costus afer
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of the methanolic extract of Costus afer leaves on the lipid profile of chronically stressed and non-stressed Wistar rats. A total of 30 male Wistar rats, weighing 180–220 g, were used for the study. The rats were divided into six (6) groups: Control group (CT), Stress group (STR), Costus afer 200 mg/kg body weight (CA1), Costus afer 400 mg/kg body weight (CA2), Stress + Costus afer 200 mg/kg body weight (STR + CA1), and Stress + Costus afer 400 mg/kg body weight (STR + CA2). The animals were maintained under standard laboratory conditions. The stress groups (STR, STR + CA1, STR + CA2) were subjected to a chronic unpredictable stress protocol (CUS) for 21 days to induce stress. After the initial 21 days of stress administration, the STR + CA1 and STR + CA2 groups were treated with Costus afer alongside another sequence of stress for an additional 21 days. The CT group received distilled water throughout the 42-day period, while the CA1 and CA2 groups were administered Costus afer extract. The STR group was exclusively stressed for 42 days. The lipid profile of all the animals was measured at the end of the experiment. The total cholesterol level in the STR group increased significantly (p < 0.01) compared with the control group. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglyceride levels increased significantly in the STR group (p < 0.0001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). The level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased significantly in the CA2 (p < 0.05) and STR + CA1 (p < 0.05) groups, while it decreased significantly in the STR group (p < 0.05). The results of this study revealed that the methanolic extract of Costus afer leaves has an antilipidemic effect. The extract contains agents capable of depleting low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) levels in the body systems of rats.
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References
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American Heart Association (2021). Managing stress to control high blood pressure. Retrieved on the 10th September, 2021 from http://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure.
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Anyasor, G. N., Onajobi, F. D., Osilesi, O., & Adebawo, O., (2014). Hexane fraction of Costus afer ker-Grawl leaves inhibited mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, FIFO ATPase and scavenged nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide. American Journal of Physiology, Biochemitry and phamarcology, 3(2), 79-85.
Atere, T. G., Akinloye, O. A., Ugbaja, R. N., Ojo, D. A., & Dealtry, G. (2018). In vitro antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging evaluation of standardized extract of Costus afer leaf. Food Science and Human Wellness, 7(4), 266-272.
Aweke, G. (2007). Costus afer ker gawl. Record from PROTA4U. PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressourcesvégétales del’Afrique tropicale). PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Bobryshev, Y. V., Ivanova, E. A., Chistiakov, D. A., Nikiforov, N. G., & Orekhov, A. N. (2016). Macrophages and Their Role in Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology and Transcriptome Analysis. BioMed research international, 2016, 9582430. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9582430
Cai, B., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, D., Jia, Y., Guan, Y., ... & Li, J. (2020). Therapeutic potential of diosgenin and its major derivatives against neurological diseases: recent advances. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2020.
Carrasco, G. A., & Van de Kar, L. D. (2003). Neuroendocrine pharmacology of stress. European journal of pharmacology, 463(1-3), 235-272.
Charles, patrick Davies., (2021). Retrieved on 5th August, 2021 from https://www.rxlist.com/lipid/definition.htm
Daniel, Boison., Cynthia, A. A., Godwin, K. B., Olga, Q., Rosemary, A., Wiabo-Asabil, G. K., Adinotey, M. B., (2019). Costus Afer: A systematic review of evidence-based data in support of its medicinal relevance. Scientifica, 2019.
De kloet, E. R., Oitzl, M. S., & Joels, M. (1999). “Stress and cognition : are corticosteroids good or bad guys?”. Trends in neurosciences, 22(10), 422-426. doi :10.3389/fgene.2012.00222.
Edeoga, H. O., & Okoli, B. E. (1998). Anatomy and systematics in the Costus afer-C. lucanusianus complex (Costaceae). Acta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica, 48(2), 151-158.
Ekpe, I. P., Udosen, E. O., & Amaechi, D. (2018). Evaluation of some vitamins and macro-nutrients composition of ethanolic extract of tecoma stans and Costus afer leaves. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 23(4), 1-5.
Ekpe, I., Udosen, E. O., Amaechi, D., & Yisa, B. (2018). Impact of ethanolic extract of Tecoma stans and Costus afer leaves on lipid profile status of streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats. International Journal of Sciences, 4(8), 16-20.
Ekpo, B. A., Bala, D. N., Essien, E. E., & Adesanya, S. A. (2008). Ethnobotanical survey of Akwa Ibom state of Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115(3), 387-408.
Ezejiofor, A. N., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2019). The protective effect of Costus afer Ker Gawl aqueous leaf extract on lead-induced reproductive changes in male albino Wistar rats. JBRA assisted reproduction, 23(3), 215.
Ezejiofor, A. N., Igweze, Z. N., Udowelle, N. A., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2017). Histopathological and biochemical assessments of Costus afer stem on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology, 28(4), 383-391.
Ezejiofor, A. N., Orish, C. N., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2015). Morphological changes in the pancreas and glucose reduction of the aqueous extract of Costus afer leaf on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology, 26(6), 595-601.
Ezejiofor, A. N., Udowelle, N. A., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2017). Nephroprotective and antioxidant effect of aqueous leaf extract of Costus afer Ker gawl on cyclosporin-a (Csa) induced nephrotoxicity. Clinical Phytoscience, 2(1), 1-7.
Feingold, K. R., & Grunfeld, C. (2016). Effect of inflammation on HDL structure and function. Current opinion in lipidology, 27(5), 521-530.
Goya, R. G., Castro, M. G., Hannah, M. J., Sosa, Y. E., & Lowry, P. J. (1993). Thymosin peptides stimulate corticotropin release by a calcium-dependent mechanism. Neuroendocrinology, 57(2), 230-235.
Hall, M., Vasko, R., Buysse, D., Ombao, H., Chen, Q., Cashmere, J. D., ... & Thayer, J. F. (2004). Acute stress affects heart rate variability during sleep. Psychosomatic medicine, 66(1), 56-62.
Hernández-Pérez, J., Naderi, F., Chivite, M., Soengas, J. L., Míguez, J. M., & López-Patiño, M. A. (2019). Influence of stress on liver circadian physiology. A study in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as fish model. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 611.
Jesus, M., Martins, A. P., Gallardo, E., & Silvestre, S. (2016). Diosgenin: recent highlights on pharmacology and analytical methodology. Journal of analytical methods in chemistry.
Kaigas, K., Camilla, N., Pocock, R., (2012). Neuronal response to physiological stress.
Katz RJ, Roth KA, Carroll BJ (1981). Acute and chronic effects onopen field activity in the rat: implications for a model ofdepression. NeurosciBiobehav Revs 5: 247–251
Khansari, D. N., Murgo, A. J., & Faith, R. E. (1990). Effects of stress on the immune system. Immunology today, 11, 170-175.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002). Psychoneuroimmunology: psychological influences on immune function and health. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 70(3), 537.
Koenisberg, M. D., & Schwartz, J. A., (1987). Naloxone-induced pulmonary edema. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 16(11),1294-1296.
Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., & Konturek, S. J. (2011). Stress and the gut: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, diagnostic approach and treatment options. Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 62(6), 591–599.
La Rosa J. C. (1988). The varying effects of progestins on lipid levels and cardiovascular disease. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 158(6 Pt 2), 1621–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(88)90200-1
Lu X-Y, Kim CS, Frazer A, Zhang W (2006).Leptin: a potentialnovel antidepressant. ProcNatlAcadSci USA 103: 1593–1598.
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature reviews neuroscience, 10(6), 434-445.
McEwen, B. S., Weis, J. M., & Schwartz , L. S., (1986). Selective retension of corticosterone by limbic structures in rat brain. Nature, 220(5170), 911-912.
Monterio, S., Roque, S., de Sa-calcada, D., Sousa, N., Correia-Neves, M., & Cerqueira, J. J., (2015). An efficient chtonic unpredicatable stress protocol to induce stress-related responses in C57BL/6 mice. Frontiers in psychiatry, 6, 6.
Njoku, U. O., Nwodo, O. F. C., & Ogugofor, M. O. (2017). Cardioprotective potential of methanol extract of Costus afer leaf on carbon tetrachloride-induced cardiotoxicity in albino rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care, 9(2), 51-58.
Onwe, P., Folawiyo, A. M., Okike, P. (2015). Lipid profile and growing concern on lipid related disease. IOSR Journal of pharmacy and biological sciences 10(5), 22-27.
Paul, Greene., (2020). What is Episodic stress?. Manhattan centre for cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Reiche, E. M. V., Nunes, S. O. V., & Morimoto, H. K. (2004). Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer. The lancet oncology, 5(10), 617-625.
Rozanski, A., Blumenthal, J. A., & Kaplan, J. (1999). Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation, 99(16), 2192-2217.
Sarahian, N., Sahraei, H., Zardooz, H., Alibeik, H., & Sadeghi, B. (2014). Effect of memantine administration within the nucleus accumbens on changes in weight and volume of the brain and adrenal gland during chronic stress in female mice. Pathobiology Research, 17(2), 71-82.
Scantamburlo, G., Ansseau, M., Legros, J. J., (2001). Role of the neurohypophysis in psychological stress. Encephale 27 : 245-259.
Scott, Elizabeth., (2020). Stress management and its effect on health. Retrieved on 10th September, 2021 from https://www.veryellmind.com/stress-and-health-3145086.
Seyedeh, Negar (2017). Effects of psychological stress and physical work on blood lipid profiles. Journal of medicine doi:1097/MD.0000000000006816.
Sharma, Dushyant., (2018). Physiology of stress and its management. Journal of Medicine 1:1-5.
Shawna, Freshwater., (2018) 3 types of stress and health hazards. Spacious therapy 17
Sutharson, L., Lila, K. N., Prasanna, K. K., Shila E. B. &Rajan, V. J. (2007). Anti- inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of methanolic extract of the leaves of Fraxinus floribunda Wallic.African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 4(4):411-416.
Taiwo, A.O., & Bolanle, A. A (2003). The leaf essential oil of Costus afer ker-Grawl from Nigeria. Flavour and fragrance Journal, 18(4), 309-311.
Thierry, A. M., Javoy, F., Glowinski, J., & KETY, S. S. (1968). Effects of stress on the metabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the central nervous system of the rat. I. Modifications of norepinephrine turnover. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 163(1), 163-171.
Thomas, Liji. (2018). What are Lipoproteins?.Retreived on 9th September, 2021 from https://www.news-medical.net/amo/life-sciences/what-are-Lipoproteins.aspx.
Uwah, A. F., Ewere, E. G., & Ndem, J. I. (2015). Hypoglycemic and haematologic effects of crude stem juice of Costus afer on alloxaninduced diabetic Wistar rats. American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2(4), 2348-9502.
Vrijkotte, T. G., Van Doornen, L. J., & De Geus, E. J. (2000). Effects of work stress on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Hypertension, 35(4), 880-886.
Willner P, Towell A, Sampson D, Sophokleous S, Muscat R (1987).Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mildstress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant.Psychopharmacology93: 358–364.
Wu, F. C., & Jiang, J. G. (2019). Effects of diosgenin and its derivatives on atherosclerosis. Food & function, 10(11), 7022–7036.
Yaribeygi, H., Panahi, Y., Sahraei, H., Johnston, T. P., & Sahebkar, A. (2017). The impact of stress on body function : A review. EXCLI journal, 16, 1057.
Yu, C. H., Wang, K. L., Hsu, R. L., Ho, Y. J., & Wang, P. S. (2011). Effects of Diosgenin on the Reproductive Function of D-galactose-induced Aging Model of Male Rats.
Zahaĭko, A. L., Voronina, L. M., Kaliman, P. A., & Strel'chenko, K. V. (2008). Ukrains'kyi biokhimichnyi zhurnal (1999 ), 80(4), 120–129.
American Heart Association (2021). Managing stress to control high blood pressure. Retrieved on the 10th September, 2021 from http://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure.
American Psychological Association., APA (2018). Stress effects on the body. Retrieved on 7th September, 2021 from http://www.apa.org/topics/stress/body.
Anyasor, G. N., Onajobi, F. D., Osilesi, O., & Adebawo, O., (2014). Hexane fraction of Costus afer ker-Grawl leaves inhibited mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, FIFO ATPase and scavenged nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide. American Journal of Physiology, Biochemitry and phamarcology, 3(2), 79-85.
Atere, T. G., Akinloye, O. A., Ugbaja, R. N., Ojo, D. A., & Dealtry, G. (2018). In vitro antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging evaluation of standardized extract of Costus afer leaf. Food Science and Human Wellness, 7(4), 266-272.
Aweke, G. (2007). Costus afer ker gawl. Record from PROTA4U. PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressourcesvégétales del’Afrique tropicale). PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Bobryshev, Y. V., Ivanova, E. A., Chistiakov, D. A., Nikiforov, N. G., & Orekhov, A. N. (2016). Macrophages and Their Role in Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology and Transcriptome Analysis. BioMed research international, 2016, 9582430. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9582430
Cai, B., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, D., Jia, Y., Guan, Y., ... & Li, J. (2020). Therapeutic potential of diosgenin and its major derivatives against neurological diseases: recent advances. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2020.
Carrasco, G. A., & Van de Kar, L. D. (2003). Neuroendocrine pharmacology of stress. European journal of pharmacology, 463(1-3), 235-272.
Charles, patrick Davies., (2021). Retrieved on 5th August, 2021 from https://www.rxlist.com/lipid/definition.htm
Daniel, Boison., Cynthia, A. A., Godwin, K. B., Olga, Q., Rosemary, A., Wiabo-Asabil, G. K., Adinotey, M. B., (2019). Costus Afer: A systematic review of evidence-based data in support of its medicinal relevance. Scientifica, 2019.
De kloet, E. R., Oitzl, M. S., & Joels, M. (1999). “Stress and cognition : are corticosteroids good or bad guys?”. Trends in neurosciences, 22(10), 422-426. doi :10.3389/fgene.2012.00222.
Edeoga, H. O., & Okoli, B. E. (1998). Anatomy and systematics in the Costus afer-C. lucanusianus complex (Costaceae). Acta phytotaxonomica et geobotanica, 48(2), 151-158.
Ekpe, I. P., Udosen, E. O., & Amaechi, D. (2018). Evaluation of some vitamins and macro-nutrients composition of ethanolic extract of tecoma stans and Costus afer leaves. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 23(4), 1-5.
Ekpe, I., Udosen, E. O., Amaechi, D., & Yisa, B. (2018). Impact of ethanolic extract of Tecoma stans and Costus afer leaves on lipid profile status of streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats. International Journal of Sciences, 4(8), 16-20.
Ekpo, B. A., Bala, D. N., Essien, E. E., & Adesanya, S. A. (2008). Ethnobotanical survey of Akwa Ibom state of Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115(3), 387-408.
Ezejiofor, A. N., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2019). The protective effect of Costus afer Ker Gawl aqueous leaf extract on lead-induced reproductive changes in male albino Wistar rats. JBRA assisted reproduction, 23(3), 215.
Ezejiofor, A. N., Igweze, Z. N., Udowelle, N. A., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2017). Histopathological and biochemical assessments of Costus afer stem on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology, 28(4), 383-391.
Ezejiofor, A. N., Orish, C. N., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2015). Morphological changes in the pancreas and glucose reduction of the aqueous extract of Costus afer leaf on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology, 26(6), 595-601.
Ezejiofor, A. N., Udowelle, N. A., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2017). Nephroprotective and antioxidant effect of aqueous leaf extract of Costus afer Ker gawl on cyclosporin-a (Csa) induced nephrotoxicity. Clinical Phytoscience, 2(1), 1-7.
Feingold, K. R., & Grunfeld, C. (2016). Effect of inflammation on HDL structure and function. Current opinion in lipidology, 27(5), 521-530.
Goya, R. G., Castro, M. G., Hannah, M. J., Sosa, Y. E., & Lowry, P. J. (1993). Thymosin peptides stimulate corticotropin release by a calcium-dependent mechanism. Neuroendocrinology, 57(2), 230-235.
Hall, M., Vasko, R., Buysse, D., Ombao, H., Chen, Q., Cashmere, J. D., ... & Thayer, J. F. (2004). Acute stress affects heart rate variability during sleep. Psychosomatic medicine, 66(1), 56-62.
Hernández-Pérez, J., Naderi, F., Chivite, M., Soengas, J. L., Míguez, J. M., & López-Patiño, M. A. (2019). Influence of stress on liver circadian physiology. A study in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as fish model. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 611.
Jesus, M., Martins, A. P., Gallardo, E., & Silvestre, S. (2016). Diosgenin: recent highlights on pharmacology and analytical methodology. Journal of analytical methods in chemistry.
Kaigas, K., Camilla, N., Pocock, R., (2012). Neuronal response to physiological stress.
Katz RJ, Roth KA, Carroll BJ (1981). Acute and chronic effects onopen field activity in the rat: implications for a model ofdepression. NeurosciBiobehav Revs 5: 247–251
Khansari, D. N., Murgo, A. J., & Faith, R. E. (1990). Effects of stress on the immune system. Immunology today, 11, 170-175.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002). Psychoneuroimmunology: psychological influences on immune function and health. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 70(3), 537.
Koenisberg, M. D., & Schwartz, J. A., (1987). Naloxone-induced pulmonary edema. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 16(11),1294-1296.
Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., & Konturek, S. J. (2011). Stress and the gut: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, diagnostic approach and treatment options. Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 62(6), 591–599.
La Rosa J. C. (1988). The varying effects of progestins on lipid levels and cardiovascular disease. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 158(6 Pt 2), 1621–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(88)90200-1
Lu X-Y, Kim CS, Frazer A, Zhang W (2006).Leptin: a potentialnovel antidepressant. ProcNatlAcadSci USA 103: 1593–1598.
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature reviews neuroscience, 10(6), 434-445.
McEwen, B. S., Weis, J. M., & Schwartz , L. S., (1986). Selective retension of corticosterone by limbic structures in rat brain. Nature, 220(5170), 911-912.
Monterio, S., Roque, S., de Sa-calcada, D., Sousa, N., Correia-Neves, M., & Cerqueira, J. J., (2015). An efficient chtonic unpredicatable stress protocol to induce stress-related responses in C57BL/6 mice. Frontiers in psychiatry, 6, 6.
Njoku, U. O., Nwodo, O. F. C., & Ogugofor, M. O. (2017). Cardioprotective potential of methanol extract of Costus afer leaf on carbon tetrachloride-induced cardiotoxicity in albino rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care, 9(2), 51-58.
Onwe, P., Folawiyo, A. M., Okike, P. (2015). Lipid profile and growing concern on lipid related disease. IOSR Journal of pharmacy and biological sciences 10(5), 22-27.
Paul, Greene., (2020). What is Episodic stress?. Manhattan centre for cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
Reiche, E. M. V., Nunes, S. O. V., & Morimoto, H. K. (2004). Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer. The lancet oncology, 5(10), 617-625.
Rozanski, A., Blumenthal, J. A., & Kaplan, J. (1999). Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation, 99(16), 2192-2217.
Sarahian, N., Sahraei, H., Zardooz, H., Alibeik, H., & Sadeghi, B. (2014). Effect of memantine administration within the nucleus accumbens on changes in weight and volume of the brain and adrenal gland during chronic stress in female mice. Pathobiology Research, 17(2), 71-82.
Scantamburlo, G., Ansseau, M., Legros, J. J., (2001). Role of the neurohypophysis in psychological stress. Encephale 27 : 245-259.
Scott, Elizabeth., (2020). Stress management and its effect on health. Retrieved on 10th September, 2021 from https://www.veryellmind.com/stress-and-health-3145086.
Seyedeh, Negar (2017). Effects of psychological stress and physical work on blood lipid profiles. Journal of medicine doi:1097/MD.0000000000006816.
Sharma, Dushyant., (2018). Physiology of stress and its management. Journal of Medicine 1:1-5.
Shawna, Freshwater., (2018) 3 types of stress and health hazards. Spacious therapy 17
Sutharson, L., Lila, K. N., Prasanna, K. K., Shila E. B. &Rajan, V. J. (2007). Anti- inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of methanolic extract of the leaves of Fraxinus floribunda Wallic.African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 4(4):411-416.
Taiwo, A.O., & Bolanle, A. A (2003). The leaf essential oil of Costus afer ker-Grawl from Nigeria. Flavour and fragrance Journal, 18(4), 309-311.
Thierry, A. M., Javoy, F., Glowinski, J., & KETY, S. S. (1968). Effects of stress on the metabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the central nervous system of the rat. I. Modifications of norepinephrine turnover. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 163(1), 163-171.
Thomas, Liji. (2018). What are Lipoproteins?.Retreived on 9th September, 2021 from https://www.news-medical.net/amo/life-sciences/what-are-Lipoproteins.aspx.
Uwah, A. F., Ewere, E. G., & Ndem, J. I. (2015). Hypoglycemic and haematologic effects of crude stem juice of Costus afer on alloxaninduced diabetic Wistar rats. American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2(4), 2348-9502.
Vrijkotte, T. G., Van Doornen, L. J., & De Geus, E. J. (2000). Effects of work stress on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Hypertension, 35(4), 880-886.
Willner P, Towell A, Sampson D, Sophokleous S, Muscat R (1987).Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mildstress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant.Psychopharmacology93: 358–364.
Wu, F. C., & Jiang, J. G. (2019). Effects of diosgenin and its derivatives on atherosclerosis. Food & function, 10(11), 7022–7036.
Yaribeygi, H., Panahi, Y., Sahraei, H., Johnston, T. P., & Sahebkar, A. (2017). The impact of stress on body function : A review. EXCLI journal, 16, 1057.
Yu, C. H., Wang, K. L., Hsu, R. L., Ho, Y. J., & Wang, P. S. (2011). Effects of Diosgenin on the Reproductive Function of D-galactose-induced Aging Model of Male Rats.
Zahaĭko, A. L., Voronina, L. M., Kaliman, P. A., & Strel'chenko, K. V. (2008). Ukrains'kyi biokhimichnyi zhurnal (1999 ), 80(4), 120–129.
Published
2024-11-07
How to Cite
Michael Edet, O., Edet Okon, U., & Michael Akachukwu, O. (2024). The Effect of Methanolic Extract of Costus afer Leaves on the Lipid Profile of Chronically Stressed and Non-Stressed Male Wistar Rats. GPH-International Journal of Biological & Medicine Science, 7(10), 41-73. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14238170
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