Core self-evaluation and loneliness as predictors of internet addictions among undergraduate students
Keywords:
core self-evaluation, loneliness, internet, addiction, undergraduate, students
Abstract
The study investigated core self-evaluation and loneliness as predictors of internet addiction among undergraduate students, two hundred and forty-seven (247) undergraduate students which comprised 139 females and 108 males with a mean age of 21.76 and SD of 5.07 were selected using multi-stage (cluster, simple random: by balloting and purposive) sampling techniques as participants from Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu. Young (1998a) internet addiction test (IAT), Judge et al., (2003) Core Self Evaluation Scale (CSES) and Russell, Peplau, and Ferguson, (1978) UCLA Loneliness Scale were used for the gathering of data, correlational design was adopted, while hierarchical multiple regression using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25 was used for data analysis. Finding revealed that core self-evaluation did not predict internet addict at sig.= .836 which is higher than the threshold of at p< .05, loneliness also failed to predict internet addiction at sig. 556 which is higher than the value of at p< .05. The two independent variable shows no relationship with the dependent variable at r= .1(r= .079), both core self-evaluation and loneliness contributed 0% to the variation of internet addiction at r2= .006, both independent did not jointly predict internet addiction at sig. .752, which is higher than the threshold of at p< .05. Therefore, it is important to encourage students to develop a strong sense of core self-evaluation, as it can help them regulate their internet use and prevent addiction.
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References
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Choi J. S., Park S. M., Lee J., Hwang J. Y., Jung H. Y., Choi S. W., et al. (2013). Resting-state beta and gamma activity in internet addiction. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 89 328–333. 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.007
Çiçek, İ. (2021). Mediating role of self-esteem in the association between loneliness and psychological and subjective wellbeing in university students.International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 8(2), 83-97. DOI:https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.817660
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Guo, J., Chen, L., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Chui, C. H. K., He, H., et al. (2012). The relationship between internet addiction and depression among migrant children and left-behind children in China. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 15, 585–590. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0261
Hammond, C. J., Mayes, L. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2014). Neurobiology of adolescent substance use and addictive behaviors: treatment implications. Adolesc. Med. State Art. Rev. 25, 15–32. doi: 10.1542/9781581108903-neurobiology
Harter S. (1990). Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life span perspective. In: Sternberg R.J., Kolligian J. Jr., editors. Competence Considered. Yale University Press; New Haven, CT, USA. 67–97.
Hasmujaj, E. (2016). Internet addiction and loneliness among students of University of Shkodra. Eur. Sci. J. ESJ. 12, 397. doi: 10.19044/esj.2016.v12n29p397
Hawkley, L. C., &Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of behavioralmedicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
He D., Liu Q.-Q., Shen X. (2021). Parental conflict and social networking sites addiction in Chinese adolescents: The multiple mediating role of core self-evaluation and loneliness. Child. Youth Serv. Rev.120:105774. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105774.
Iskender, M. (2014). Internet addiction and depression, anxiety and stress. Int. Online J. Educ. Sci. 3, 138–148. Available online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264550590
Judge T.A., Locke E.A.,& Durham C.C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Res. Organ. Behav.19:151–188Kemp, S. (2021). Digital 2021_ Global Overview Report — DataReportal – Global Digital Insights.
Kumar, M., &Mondal, A. (2018). A study on Internet addiction and its relation to psychopathology and self-esteem among college students. Industrial psychiatry journal, 27(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_61_17
Kumari, R, Langer, B., Gupta, R., Gupta, R. K., Mir, M. T., Shafi, B., Kour, T.,& Raina, S. K. (2022). Prevalence and determinants of Internet addiction among the students of professional colleges in the Jammu region. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 11(1):p 325-329, | DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_991_21
Lebni J. Y., Toghroli R., Abbas J., Nejhaddadgar N., Salahshoor M. R., Mansourian M., et al.. (2020). A study of internet addiction and its effects on mental health: a study based on Iranian university students. J. Educ. Health Prom. 9, 1–8. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp14820
Lee J.,& Cho B. (2015). Effects of self–control and school adjustment on smartphone addiction among elementary school students. Int. J. Contents 11 1–6. 10.5392/IJoC.2015.11.3.001
Locke E. A., (1996). McClear K., Knight D. Self-esteem and work. Int. Rev. Ind. Organ. Psychol.11:1–32.
Mark G. (2000). Does internet and computer “addiction” exist? Some case study evidence. CyberpsycholBehav.3:211–8.
Musetti, A., Cattivelli, R., Giacobbi, M., Zuglian, P., Ceccarini, M., Capelli, F., et al. (2016). Challenges in internet addiction disorder: Is a diagnosis feasible or not? Front. Psychol. 7, 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00842
Nissen, J. B. (2006). Treating and preventing adolescent mental health disorders. what we know and what we don't know. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 113, 518–518. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00765.x
Okae, P., &Gyasi, K. (2013). Internet penetration in africacomparedto the rest of the world 2. What Users Use the Intern. 3, 24–28
Öztürk, E., &Özmen, S. K. (2016). The relationship of self-perception, personality and high school type with the level of problematic internet use in adolescents. Comput. Hum. Behav. 65, 501–507. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.016
Park, M. H., Park, E. J., Choi, J., Chai, S., Lee, J. H., Lee, C., et al. (2011). Preliminary study of Internet addiction and cognitive function in adolescents based on IQ tests. Psychiatr. Res. 190, 275–281. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.006World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). Public Health Implications of Excessive Use of the Internet, Computers, Smartphones and Similar Electronic Devices Meeting report.
Peláez-Fernández, M. A., Chamizo-Nieto, M. T., Rey, L., &Extremera, N. (2021). How Do Cyber Victimization and Low Core Self-Evaluations Interrelate in Predicting Adolescent Problematic Technology Use?.International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063114
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectivesonloneliness.In L. A. Peplau&D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A source book of current theory, research, and therapy (1–18). New York: Wiley-Inter-science.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
Sharma, A., & Sharma, R. (2018). Internet addiction and psychological well-being among college students: A cross-sectional study from Central India. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 7(1), 147–151. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_189_17
Tian Y., Qin N., Cao S.,&Gao F. (2020). Reciprocal associations between shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression and internet addiction in Chinese adolescents. Addict. Res. Theory 29, 98–110. doi: 10.1080/16066359.2020.1755657
Wang, W., Zhou, D. D., Ai, M., Chen, X. R., Lv, Z., Huang, Y., &Kuang, L. (2019). Internet addiction and poor quality of life are significantly associated with suicidal ideation of senior high school students in Chongqing, China. PeerJ, 7, e7357. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7357
World Health Organization. (2018). “Inclusion of “gaming disorder” in ICD-11,” in: 16 January [Internet]. (2018), pp. 2018–2019. Available: https://www.who.int/news/item/14-09-2018-inclusion-of-gaming-disorder-in-icd-11 (accessed February 1, 2022).
Yang G., Cao J., Li Y., Cheng P., Liu B., Hao Z., et al.. (2019). Association between internet addiction and the risk of musculoskeletal pain in Chinese college freshmen – A cross-sectional study. Front. Psychol. 10:1959. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01959,
Yang C., Zhang L., Zhu P., Zhu C., Guo Q. (2016). The prevalence of tic disorders for children in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(30), 1–8. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004354 Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 1, 237–244. doi: 10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Zewde, E. A, Tolossa, T, Tiruneh, S. A, Azanaw, M. M, Yitbarek, G. Y, Admasu, F. T, Ayehu, G. W, Amare, T. J, Abebe, E. C, Muche, Z. T, Fentie, T. A, Zemene, M. A &Melaku, M. D (2022). Internet Addiction and Its Associated Factors Among African High School and University Students: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Psychol. 13:847274. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847274
Bhagchandani,R. K. (2017).Effectoflonelinesson the psychologicalwell-being of collegestudents.International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 7(1), 60-6
Błachnio A., &Przepiorka A. (2016). Dysfunction of self-regulation and self-control in facebook addiction. Psychiatr. Quart. 87 493–500. 10.1007/s11126-015-9403-1
Budak E, Taymur I, Askin R, Gungor BB, Demirci H, Akgul AI, et al. (2015). Relationship between internet addiction, psychopathology and self-esteem among university students. Eur Res J.1:128.
Cacioppo J. T &Cacioppo S. (2018). The growing problem of loneliness. Lancet391(10119):426.
Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., Liston, C., &Durston, S. (2005). Imaging the developing brain: what have we learned about cognitive development? Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 104–110. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.011
Chao, C. M., Kao, K. Y., & Yu, T. K. (2020). Reactions to problematic internet use among adolescents: inappropriate physical and mental health perspectives. Front. Psychol. 11, 1–12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01782
Cherry, K. (2022). Psychotherapy: Loneliness: Causes and Health Consequences. https://www.verywellmind.com/loneliness-causes-effects-and-treatments-2795749
Choi J. S., Park S. M., Lee J., Hwang J. Y., Jung H. Y., Choi S. W., et al. (2013). Resting-state beta and gamma activity in internet addiction. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 89 328–333. 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.007
Çiçek, İ. (2021). Mediating role of self-esteem in the association between loneliness and psychological and subjective wellbeing in university students.International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 8(2), 83-97. DOI:https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.817660
Erzen E., Cikrikci O. (2018). The effect of loneliness on depression: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 64 427–435. 10.1177/0020764018776349Goldberg I. (1996).Internet Addiction. [Last accessed on 2010 Mar 22]. Available from: http://web.urz.uniheidelberg.de/Netzdienste/anleitung/wwwtips/8/addict.html.
Guo, J., Chen, L., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Chui, C. H. K., He, H., et al. (2012). The relationship between internet addiction and depression among migrant children and left-behind children in China. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 15, 585–590. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0261
Hammond, C. J., Mayes, L. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2014). Neurobiology of adolescent substance use and addictive behaviors: treatment implications. Adolesc. Med. State Art. Rev. 25, 15–32. doi: 10.1542/9781581108903-neurobiology
Harter S. (1990). Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life span perspective. In: Sternberg R.J., Kolligian J. Jr., editors. Competence Considered. Yale University Press; New Haven, CT, USA. 67–97.
Hasmujaj, E. (2016). Internet addiction and loneliness among students of University of Shkodra. Eur. Sci. J. ESJ. 12, 397. doi: 10.19044/esj.2016.v12n29p397
Hawkley, L. C., &Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of behavioralmedicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
He D., Liu Q.-Q., Shen X. (2021). Parental conflict and social networking sites addiction in Chinese adolescents: The multiple mediating role of core self-evaluation and loneliness. Child. Youth Serv. Rev.120:105774. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105774.
Iskender, M. (2014). Internet addiction and depression, anxiety and stress. Int. Online J. Educ. Sci. 3, 138–148. Available online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264550590
Judge T.A., Locke E.A.,& Durham C.C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Res. Organ. Behav.19:151–188Kemp, S. (2021). Digital 2021_ Global Overview Report — DataReportal – Global Digital Insights.
Kumar, M., &Mondal, A. (2018). A study on Internet addiction and its relation to psychopathology and self-esteem among college students. Industrial psychiatry journal, 27(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_61_17
Kumari, R, Langer, B., Gupta, R., Gupta, R. K., Mir, M. T., Shafi, B., Kour, T.,& Raina, S. K. (2022). Prevalence and determinants of Internet addiction among the students of professional colleges in the Jammu region. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 11(1):p 325-329, | DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_991_21
Lebni J. Y., Toghroli R., Abbas J., Nejhaddadgar N., Salahshoor M. R., Mansourian M., et al.. (2020). A study of internet addiction and its effects on mental health: a study based on Iranian university students. J. Educ. Health Prom. 9, 1–8. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp14820
Lee J.,& Cho B. (2015). Effects of self–control and school adjustment on smartphone addiction among elementary school students. Int. J. Contents 11 1–6. 10.5392/IJoC.2015.11.3.001
Locke E. A., (1996). McClear K., Knight D. Self-esteem and work. Int. Rev. Ind. Organ. Psychol.11:1–32.
Mark G. (2000). Does internet and computer “addiction” exist? Some case study evidence. CyberpsycholBehav.3:211–8.
Musetti, A., Cattivelli, R., Giacobbi, M., Zuglian, P., Ceccarini, M., Capelli, F., et al. (2016). Challenges in internet addiction disorder: Is a diagnosis feasible or not? Front. Psychol. 7, 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00842
Nissen, J. B. (2006). Treating and preventing adolescent mental health disorders. what we know and what we don't know. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 113, 518–518. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00765.x
Okae, P., &Gyasi, K. (2013). Internet penetration in africacomparedto the rest of the world 2. What Users Use the Intern. 3, 24–28
Öztürk, E., &Özmen, S. K. (2016). The relationship of self-perception, personality and high school type with the level of problematic internet use in adolescents. Comput. Hum. Behav. 65, 501–507. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.016
Park, M. H., Park, E. J., Choi, J., Chai, S., Lee, J. H., Lee, C., et al. (2011). Preliminary study of Internet addiction and cognitive function in adolescents based on IQ tests. Psychiatr. Res. 190, 275–281. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.006World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). Public Health Implications of Excessive Use of the Internet, Computers, Smartphones and Similar Electronic Devices Meeting report.
Peláez-Fernández, M. A., Chamizo-Nieto, M. T., Rey, L., &Extremera, N. (2021). How Do Cyber Victimization and Low Core Self-Evaluations Interrelate in Predicting Adolescent Problematic Technology Use?.International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063114
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectivesonloneliness.In L. A. Peplau&D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A source book of current theory, research, and therapy (1–18). New York: Wiley-Inter-science.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
Sharma, A., & Sharma, R. (2018). Internet addiction and psychological well-being among college students: A cross-sectional study from Central India. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 7(1), 147–151. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_189_17
Tian Y., Qin N., Cao S.,&Gao F. (2020). Reciprocal associations between shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression and internet addiction in Chinese adolescents. Addict. Res. Theory 29, 98–110. doi: 10.1080/16066359.2020.1755657
Wang, W., Zhou, D. D., Ai, M., Chen, X. R., Lv, Z., Huang, Y., &Kuang, L. (2019). Internet addiction and poor quality of life are significantly associated with suicidal ideation of senior high school students in Chongqing, China. PeerJ, 7, e7357. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7357
World Health Organization. (2018). “Inclusion of “gaming disorder” in ICD-11,” in: 16 January [Internet]. (2018), pp. 2018–2019. Available: https://www.who.int/news/item/14-09-2018-inclusion-of-gaming-disorder-in-icd-11 (accessed February 1, 2022).
Yang G., Cao J., Li Y., Cheng P., Liu B., Hao Z., et al.. (2019). Association between internet addiction and the risk of musculoskeletal pain in Chinese college freshmen – A cross-sectional study. Front. Psychol. 10:1959. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01959,
Yang C., Zhang L., Zhu P., Zhu C., Guo Q. (2016). The prevalence of tic disorders for children in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(30), 1–8. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004354 Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 1, 237–244. doi: 10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Zewde, E. A, Tolossa, T, Tiruneh, S. A, Azanaw, M. M, Yitbarek, G. Y, Admasu, F. T, Ayehu, G. W, Amare, T. J, Abebe, E. C, Muche, Z. T, Fentie, T. A, Zemene, M. A &Melaku, M. D (2022). Internet Addiction and Its Associated Factors Among African High School and University Students: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Psychol. 13:847274. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847274
Published
2024-02-19
How to Cite
Chukwuemeka, C. F., Raphael Ugwu, A., Chukwudi, E. J., Obiageli, O., John Ufuoma, D., Martins Ikechukwu, A., Chika Gloria, U., & Eunice Nwabugo, M. (2024). Core self-evaluation and loneliness as predictors of internet addictions among undergraduate students. GPH-International Journal of Educational Research, 7(02), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10679381
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