The GPH-International Journal of Applied Science (GPH-IJAS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal covering advancements in engineering, technology, environmental science, and biotechnology. This issue presents cutting-edge research, innovative methodologies, and impactful findings that contribute to scientific progress.

We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board for their contributions. Explore this issue and submit your research at submission@gphjournal.org website www.gphjournal.org.

Published: 2025-03-22