Logistics Preparedness During Health Emergencies in Ghana
Keywords:
logistics preparedness, health emergencies, disaster, humanitarian logistics, Ghana
Abstract
This paper sought to investigate logistics preparedness of Ghanaian institutions during health emergencies.Two hundred and fifty-seven (257)respondents drawn from the security and other agencies within the EffutuMunicipality in the Central region of Ghana constituted the sample size. The authors used structural equation modelling (SEM) to test the study’s model and hypotheses.The study revealedthat, the availability of logistical support during emergencies is inadequate for efficient emergency management. Regarding logistical preparedness of health professionals and security agencies, there is much needs to be doneto attain the minimum acceptable standards. Thestudy further discovered that logistical resources are critical to the collaborative effort of health workers and security agencies.However, it was evident that collaboration among institutions does not necessarily enhance the success of emergency management.The study is significant because the steady rise in Ghana’s population coupled withurbanization has brought in its wake challenges that successive governments have struggled to surmount.The occurrence of frequent disasters meant that a study of this nature is important to bring to the fore the human and material costs, thus awakening the sensitivities of policy makers and authorities mandated to ensure the safety and wellbeing of the citizenry.
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References
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Boonmee, C., Arimura, M., & Asada, T. (2017). Facility location optimization model for emergency humanitarian logistics. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 24(June 2016), 485–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.01.017
Boye, C. B., & Abubakar, T. (2019). Application of Geographic Information System in Emergency Service Delivery – A Case of Ghana National Fire Service *. 2, 65–72.
City, T. (n.d.). Fire and Emergency Management. 226–231.
Cohen, L. (2017). The outsourcing decision process in humanitarian supply chain management evaluated through the TCE and RBV principles. RIRL 2016 11ème Rencontres Internationales de La Recherche En Logistique et Supply Chain Management, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Sep 2016, Lausanne, Switzerland. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01471643
De Leeuw, S., Vis, I. F. A., & Jonkman, S. N. (2012). Exploring Logistics Aspects of Flood Emergency Measures. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 20(3), 166–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2012.00667.x
Demiroz, F., & Haase, T. W. (2019). The concept of resilience: a bibliometric analysis of the emergency and disaster management literature. Local Government Studies, 45(3), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2018.1541796
Dhall, P. (n.d.). Quantitative Data Analysis. 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-973-220191008
DiLeva, A., & Sulis, E. (2017). Process analysis for a hospital emergency department. Journal of Economics and Management, 2, 34–41. https://aperto.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1652323/370728/ProcessAnalyssForAHospitalEmergencyDepartment.pdf
Doughty, H., & Rackham, R. (2019). Transfusion emergency preparedness for mass casualty events. ISBT Science Series, 14(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/voxs.12448
Dubey, R., Luo, Z., Gunasekaran, A., Akter, S., Hazen, B. T., & Douglas, M. A. (2018). Big data and predictive analytics in humanitarian supply chains: Enabling visibility and coordination in the presence of swift trust. International Journal of Logistics Management, 29(2), 485–512. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-02-2017-0039
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Guarnieri, F., & Travadel, S. (2014). Engineering thinking in emergency situations: A new nuclear safety concept. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 70(6), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096340214555109
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Kapucu, N., Arslan, T., & Demiroz, F. (2010). Collaborative emergency management and national emergency management network. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 19(4), 452–468. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561011070376
Kozuch, B., & Sienkiewicz-Malyjurek, K. (2016). Inter-organisational coordination for sustainable local governance: Public safety management in Poland. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020123
Kyei-Onanjiri, M., Carolan-Olah, M., Awoonor-Williams, J. K., & McCann, T. V. (2018). Review of emergency obstetric care interventions in health facilities in the Upper East Region of Ghana: A questionnaire survey. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-2980-6
Larson, P. D., & Foropon, C. (2018). Process improvement in humanitarian operations: An organisational theory perspective. International Journal of Production Research, 56(21), 6828–6841. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1424374
Levinson, J., & Domb, A. (2016). Applying New Police Technologies to Disaster Victim Identification. August.
McConnell, B. M., Hodgson, T. J., Kay, M. G., King, R. E., Liu, Y., Parlier, G. H., Thoney-Barletta, K., & Wilson, J. R. (2019). Assessing uncertainty and risk in an expeditionary military logistics network. Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548512919860595
Menya, A. A., & K’Akumu, O. A. (2016). Inter-agency collaboration for fire disaster management in Nairobi City. Journal of Urban Management, 5(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2016.08.001
Ncube, A., & Chimenya, G. N. . (2016). Original contribution Hospital disaster emergency preparedness : A study of. African Safety Promotion, 14(2), 1–17.
Norman, I. D., Aikins, M., Binka, F. N., & Nyarko, K. M. (2012). Hospital all-risk emergency preparedness in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, 46(1), 34–42.
Ongyi, G. Y., Acs, K. O. V, & Sigala, I. F. (2021). LESSONS LEARNED FROM HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS. 57(January), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12253
Pascal, J., & Waard, E. J. De. (2017). Inter-Organizational Disaster Management Projects : Finding the Middle Way between Trust and Control ScienceDirect Inter-organizational disaster management projects : Finding the middle way between trust and control. International Journal of Project Management, 35(5), 889–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.013
Rahman, S., Khan, F., Shaikh, A., Ahmed, S., & Imtiaz, S. (2020). A conditional dependence-based marine logistics support risk model. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 193(July 2019), 106623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106623
Rasheed, H., Usman, M., Ahmed, W., Bacha, M. H., Zafar, A., & Bukhari, K. S. (2019). A shift from logistic software to service model: A case study of new service-driven-software for management of emergency supplies during disasters and emergency conditions by WHO. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10(MAY), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00473
Razeghi, S., Mohebbi, S. Z., Gholami, M., Mashayekhi, M., Maraghehpour, B., & Rahnama, E. (2019). Effect of two educational interventions on primary school teachers’ knowledge and self-reported practice regarding emergency management of traumatic dental injuries. BMC Oral Health, 19(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-019-0823-4
Rezaei, F., Maracy, M. R., Yarmohammadian, M. H., & Sheikhbardsiri, H. (2018). Hospitals preparedness using WHO guideline : A systematic review and meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024907918760123
Rivard, S., Raymond, L., & Verreault, D. (2006). Resource-based view and competitive strategy: An integrated model of the contribution of information technology to firm performance. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 15(1), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2005.06.003
Rodríguez-Espíndola, O., Albores, P., & Brewster, C. (2018). Disaster preparedness in humanitarian logistics: A collaborative approach for resource management in floods.264(3), 1–35.
Salamati Nia, S., & Kulatunga, U. (2017). The importance of disaster management and impact of natural disasters on hospitals. The 6th World Construction Symposium, October. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/42764/
Salamati, P., & Kulatunga, U. (2017). THE CHALLENGES OF HOSPITAL DISASTER MANAGERS IN NATURAL THE CHALLENGES OF HOSPITAL DISASTER MANAGERS. June.
Schweickhardt, G. (2019). Leadership Tasks Associated with the Use of Coercive Means by Professional Disaster Management Bodies The Professional Disaster Management Body as a Law. 18(3), 97–108.
Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749–752. www.allresearchjournal.com
Sharpe, D., McKinlay, J., Jefferys, S., & Wright, C. (2019). Military Prehospital Emergency Care: Defining and professionalising the levels of care provided along the Operational Patient Care Pathway. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 165(3), 188–192. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2017-000896
Skender, H. P., Zaninović, P. A., & Lolić, A. (2019). The importance of logistics distribution centers as nodes in logistics networks. Pomorstvo, 33(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.31217/p.33.2.4
Sommer, M., Njå, O., Lussand, K., Haugesund, S., & Haugesund, N.-. (2017). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 21(November 2016), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.11.003
Speer, S. (2018). Qualitative Study of How to Improve Encouragement of Increased Emergency Management Preparedness by Sandra Speer Ronnie Wallace , PhD , Faculty Mentor and Committee Chair Ashraf Esmail , PhD ,Committee Member David ALLEN REMBERT , PhD , Committee Member. September.
Tarigan, P. B. (2018). Simulation Model and Simulation-Based Serious. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689–1699. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Tatham, P., Oloruntoba, R., & Spens, K. (2012). Cyclone preparedness and response: An analysis of lessons identified using an adapted military planning framework. Disasters, 36(1), 54–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2011.01249.x
Tofighi, S., Torabi, S. A., & Mansouri, S. A. (2016). Humanitarian logistics network design under mixed uncertainty. European Journal of Operational Research, 250(1), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.08.059
Vail, B., Morgan, M. C., Dyer, J., Christmas, A., Cohen, S. R., Joshi, M., Gore, A., Mahapatra, T., & Walker, D. M. (2018). Logistical, cultural, and structural barriers to immediate neonatal care and neonatal resuscitation in Bihar, India 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1117 Public Health and Health Services. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2017-5
Valecha, R., Rao, H. R., Upadhyaya, S. J., & Sharman, R. (2019). An activity theory approach to modeling dispatch-mediated emergency response. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 20(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00528
VanVactor, J. D. (2012). Strategic health care logistics planning in emergency management. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 21(3), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561211234480
VanVactor, J. D. (2017). Healthcare logistics in disaster planning and emergency management: A perspective. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 10(2), 157–176.
Wang, Q. (2018). TRAFFIC CONGESTION School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.
Watson, A. C., Compton, M. T., & Draine, J. N. (2017). The crisis intervention team (CIT) model: An evidence-based policing practice? Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 35(5–6), 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2304
Agyekum, K., Boateng, E. B., & Opoku, D. J. (2016). Fire safety preparedness in the central business district of Kumasi, Ghana. International Conference on Applied Science and Technology (ICAST), March 2016. http://icast.kstu.edu.gh/
Alavi, A. (2018). Logistics Integration in the Port Sector : the Case of Iran By.
Alzahrani, F., & Kyratsis, Y. (2017). Emergency nurse disaster preparedness during mass gatherings : a cross-sectional survey of emergency nurses ’ perceptions in hospitals in Mecca , Saudi Arabia Study design. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013563
Baidoo, J. (2018). Ensuring Effective and Efficient Humanitarian Logistical Services Delivery: The role of Disaster Relief Organisations in Ghana. Texila International Journal of Management, 4(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.21522/tijmg.2015.04.01.art004
Boonmee, C., Arimura, M., & Asada, T. (2017). Facility location optimization model for emergency humanitarian logistics. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 24(June 2016), 485–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.01.017
Boye, C. B., & Abubakar, T. (2019). Application of Geographic Information System in Emergency Service Delivery – A Case of Ghana National Fire Service *. 2, 65–72.
City, T. (n.d.). Fire and Emergency Management. 226–231.
Cohen, L. (2017). The outsourcing decision process in humanitarian supply chain management evaluated through the TCE and RBV principles. RIRL 2016 11ème Rencontres Internationales de La Recherche En Logistique et Supply Chain Management, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Sep 2016, Lausanne, Switzerland. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01471643
De Leeuw, S., Vis, I. F. A., & Jonkman, S. N. (2012). Exploring Logistics Aspects of Flood Emergency Measures. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 20(3), 166–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2012.00667.x
Demiroz, F., & Haase, T. W. (2019). The concept of resilience: a bibliometric analysis of the emergency and disaster management literature. Local Government Studies, 45(3), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2018.1541796
Dhall, P. (n.d.). Quantitative Data Analysis. 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-973-220191008
DiLeva, A., & Sulis, E. (2017). Process analysis for a hospital emergency department. Journal of Economics and Management, 2, 34–41. https://aperto.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1652323/370728/ProcessAnalyssForAHospitalEmergencyDepartment.pdf
Doughty, H., & Rackham, R. (2019). Transfusion emergency preparedness for mass casualty events. ISBT Science Series, 14(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/voxs.12448
Dubey, R., Luo, Z., Gunasekaran, A., Akter, S., Hazen, B. T., & Douglas, M. A. (2018). Big data and predictive analytics in humanitarian supply chains: Enabling visibility and coordination in the presence of swift trust. International Journal of Logistics Management, 29(2), 485–512. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-02-2017-0039
Etkin, D., Mcbey, K., & Trollope, C. (n.d.). The Military and Disaster Management : A Canadian Perspective on the Issue Abstract : 1–32.
Gagliano, A., Villani, P. G., Co’, F. M., Manelli, A., Paglia, S., Bisagni, P. A. G., Perotti, G. M., Storti, E., & Lombardo, M. (2020). COVID-19 Epidemic in the Middle Province of Northern Italy: Impact, Logistics, and Strategy in the First Line Hospital. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14(3), 372–376. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.51
Guarnieri, F., & Travadel, S. (2014). Engineering thinking in emergency situations: A new nuclear safety concept. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 70(6), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096340214555109
Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., & Coppola, D. P. (2017). The Disciplines of Emergency Management. In Introduction to Emergency Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-803064-6.00006-8
Ii, J. R. L., Champagne-langabeer, T., Helton, J. R., Segrest, W., Kash, B., Dellifraine, J., &Fowler, R. (n.d.). Interorganizational Collaboration in Emergency Cardiovascular Care. https://doi.org/10.1097/QMH.0000000000000120
Jahre, M., Pazirandeh, A., & Van Wassenhove, L. (2016). Defining logistics preparedness: a framework and research agenda. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 6(3), 372–398. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-04-2016-0012
Kain, R., & Verma, A. (2018). Logistics Management in Supply Chain - An Overview. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(2), 3811–3816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.634
Kapucu, N., Arslan, T., & Demiroz, F. (2010). Collaborative emergency management and national emergency management network. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 19(4), 452–468. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561011070376
Kozuch, B., & Sienkiewicz-Malyjurek, K. (2016). Inter-organisational coordination for sustainable local governance: Public safety management in Poland. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su8020123
Kyei-Onanjiri, M., Carolan-Olah, M., Awoonor-Williams, J. K., & McCann, T. V. (2018). Review of emergency obstetric care interventions in health facilities in the Upper East Region of Ghana: A questionnaire survey. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-2980-6
Larson, P. D., & Foropon, C. (2018). Process improvement in humanitarian operations: An organisational theory perspective. International Journal of Production Research, 56(21), 6828–6841. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1424374
Levinson, J., & Domb, A. (2016). Applying New Police Technologies to Disaster Victim Identification. August.
McConnell, B. M., Hodgson, T. J., Kay, M. G., King, R. E., Liu, Y., Parlier, G. H., Thoney-Barletta, K., & Wilson, J. R. (2019). Assessing uncertainty and risk in an expeditionary military logistics network. Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548512919860595
Menya, A. A., & K’Akumu, O. A. (2016). Inter-agency collaboration for fire disaster management in Nairobi City. Journal of Urban Management, 5(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2016.08.001
Ncube, A., & Chimenya, G. N. . (2016). Original contribution Hospital disaster emergency preparedness : A study of. African Safety Promotion, 14(2), 1–17.
Norman, I. D., Aikins, M., Binka, F. N., & Nyarko, K. M. (2012). Hospital all-risk emergency preparedness in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, 46(1), 34–42.
Ongyi, G. Y., Acs, K. O. V, & Sigala, I. F. (2021). LESSONS LEARNED FROM HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS. 57(January), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12253
Pascal, J., & Waard, E. J. De. (2017). Inter-Organizational Disaster Management Projects : Finding the Middle Way between Trust and Control ScienceDirect Inter-organizational disaster management projects : Finding the middle way between trust and control. International Journal of Project Management, 35(5), 889–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.013
Rahman, S., Khan, F., Shaikh, A., Ahmed, S., & Imtiaz, S. (2020). A conditional dependence-based marine logistics support risk model. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 193(July 2019), 106623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106623
Rasheed, H., Usman, M., Ahmed, W., Bacha, M. H., Zafar, A., & Bukhari, K. S. (2019). A shift from logistic software to service model: A case study of new service-driven-software for management of emergency supplies during disasters and emergency conditions by WHO. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10(MAY), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00473
Razeghi, S., Mohebbi, S. Z., Gholami, M., Mashayekhi, M., Maraghehpour, B., & Rahnama, E. (2019). Effect of two educational interventions on primary school teachers’ knowledge and self-reported practice regarding emergency management of traumatic dental injuries. BMC Oral Health, 19(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-019-0823-4
Rezaei, F., Maracy, M. R., Yarmohammadian, M. H., & Sheikhbardsiri, H. (2018). Hospitals preparedness using WHO guideline : A systematic review and meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024907918760123
Rivard, S., Raymond, L., & Verreault, D. (2006). Resource-based view and competitive strategy: An integrated model of the contribution of information technology to firm performance. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 15(1), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2005.06.003
Rodríguez-Espíndola, O., Albores, P., & Brewster, C. (2018). Disaster preparedness in humanitarian logistics: A collaborative approach for resource management in floods.264(3), 1–35.
Salamati Nia, S., & Kulatunga, U. (2017). The importance of disaster management and impact of natural disasters on hospitals. The 6th World Construction Symposium, October. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/42764/
Salamati, P., & Kulatunga, U. (2017). THE CHALLENGES OF HOSPITAL DISASTER MANAGERS IN NATURAL THE CHALLENGES OF HOSPITAL DISASTER MANAGERS. June.
Schweickhardt, G. (2019). Leadership Tasks Associated with the Use of Coercive Means by Professional Disaster Management Bodies The Professional Disaster Management Body as a Law. 18(3), 97–108.
Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749–752. www.allresearchjournal.com
Sharpe, D., McKinlay, J., Jefferys, S., & Wright, C. (2019). Military Prehospital Emergency Care: Defining and professionalising the levels of care provided along the Operational Patient Care Pathway. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 165(3), 188–192. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2017-000896
Skender, H. P., Zaninović, P. A., & Lolić, A. (2019). The importance of logistics distribution centers as nodes in logistics networks. Pomorstvo, 33(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.31217/p.33.2.4
Sommer, M., Njå, O., Lussand, K., Haugesund, S., & Haugesund, N.-. (2017). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 21(November 2016), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.11.003
Speer, S. (2018). Qualitative Study of How to Improve Encouragement of Increased Emergency Management Preparedness by Sandra Speer Ronnie Wallace , PhD , Faculty Mentor and Committee Chair Ashraf Esmail , PhD ,Committee Member David ALLEN REMBERT , PhD , Committee Member. September.
Tarigan, P. B. (2018). Simulation Model and Simulation-Based Serious. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689–1699. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Tatham, P., Oloruntoba, R., & Spens, K. (2012). Cyclone preparedness and response: An analysis of lessons identified using an adapted military planning framework. Disasters, 36(1), 54–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2011.01249.x
Tofighi, S., Torabi, S. A., & Mansouri, S. A. (2016). Humanitarian logistics network design under mixed uncertainty. European Journal of Operational Research, 250(1), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.08.059
Vail, B., Morgan, M. C., Dyer, J., Christmas, A., Cohen, S. R., Joshi, M., Gore, A., Mahapatra, T., & Walker, D. M. (2018). Logistical, cultural, and structural barriers to immediate neonatal care and neonatal resuscitation in Bihar, India 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1117 Public Health and Health Services. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2017-5
Valecha, R., Rao, H. R., Upadhyaya, S. J., & Sharman, R. (2019). An activity theory approach to modeling dispatch-mediated emergency response. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 20(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00528
VanVactor, J. D. (2012). Strategic health care logistics planning in emergency management. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 21(3), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561211234480
VanVactor, J. D. (2017). Healthcare logistics in disaster planning and emergency management: A perspective. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 10(2), 157–176.
Wang, Q. (2018). TRAFFIC CONGESTION School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.
Watson, A. C., Compton, M. T., & Draine, J. N. (2017). The crisis intervention team (CIT) model: An evidence-based policing practice? Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 35(5–6), 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2304
Published
2023-07-06
How to Cite
Dza, M., & Yunusah, H. (2023). Logistics Preparedness During Health Emergencies in Ghana. GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 6(06), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8120158
Section
Articles
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