GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research

Exploring Jungian Archetypes and the Theory of the Collective Unconscious in J. C. Oates’s “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”

Suhaib Majeed KADHEM, Lect. Dr. — 2026-10-27

The concepts of archetypes and the collective unconscious are the most recognised among Carl G. Jung’s contributions. The collective unconscious is a component of the human psyche distinct from the personal unconscious and not derived from individual experience; therefore, it does not constitute a personal realization. Jung’s theory centres on the Collective Unconscious, which he defines as a repository of “racial memories,” primal images, and experiential patterns known as archetypes. Jungian literary criticism sharply contrasts with psychoanalytic criticism. Although he initially followed Sigmund Freud, Jung’s interpretation of depth psychology diverges significantly from that of his predecessor, creating a fundamental difference between Jungian literary criticism and psychoanalytic criticism. The purpose of this paper is to apply Jung’s theory, “Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious,” to the characters in J. C. Oates’s short story “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” by analysing the archetypes of persona, anima/animus, shadow, and the self within the story to understand how these archetypes interact to shape the psyche of each character and their psychological behaviours throughout the story.

Factors Influencing Women’s Access to Healthcare Services: A Literature Review of Selected Countries and Vietnam

Hoai An Thi Nguyen — 2026-10-30

The right to access health services is one of the fundamental human rights recognized in international conventions. Many countries around the world, including Vietnam, have been improving their policy systems to create an equal legal environment that strengthens women’s access to health services. However, in many parts of the world, women from disadvantaged groups are often restricted in accessing these rights for various reasons. Many studies have been conducted to understand women’s unmet health care needs and access to health services, as well as solutions that help them access health services more easily. This article focuses on analyzing the factors affecting women’s access to health care services, such as individual factors, interpersonal factors, community-level factors, and system-level factors, through a review of studies in several countries and Vietnam. On this basis, the author proposes several recommendations to strengthen the access of Vietnamese women to health services.

TAX AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES AND EARNINGS PER SHARE OF LISTED CONSTRUCTION/REAL ESTATE COMPANIES IN NIGERIA

Obeten Ekem Onyo — 2026-11-01

This study examined the impact of tax avoidance strategies on earnings per share of listed construction/real estate companies in Nigeria, with specific focus on the effects of effective tax rate and capital intensity on earnings per share. An ex-post facto research design was adopted, using secondary financial data obtained from the published annual reports and financial statements of purposively selected listed construction/real estate companies in Nigeria. Effective tax rate was measured as total tax paid divided by profit before tax, while capital intensity was measured as non-current assets divided by total assets. Earnings per share was obtained from the annual reports and financial statements of the selected companies. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis. The Levin, Lin and Chu and Im, Pesaran and Shin unit root tests were conducted to establish the stationarity of the panel data, while pooled, fixed-effects and random-effects models were considered for the panel estimation. The findings revealed that effective tax rate had a positive and significant impact on earnings per share (β = 1.049, p = .001), while capital intensity had a positive but insignificant impact on earnings per share (β = 0.886, p = .318). The study concluded that effective tax rate was significantly associated with earnings per share, whereas capital intensity did not have a statistically significant impact on earnings per share of listed construction/real estate companies in Nigeria. The study recommended that management should strengthen tax planning by identifying legitimate tax credits, deductions, capital allowances and other applicable incentives while maintaining compliance with Nigerian tax laws. It further recommended that investment in non-current assets should be guided by rigorous commercial viability assessments to ensure that fixed assets generate sufficient revenue, cost savings or productivity gains to justify the capital committed.