MITIGATING EFFECT OF FARMERS-HERDERS CLASHES AND STUDENTS’ SOCIAL INTERACTION ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: IMPLICATION FOR SCHOOL COUNSELORS AND ADMINISTRATORS
Keywords:
Education, Farmers, Herders, Clashes, Expost Facto
Abstract
This study examined the mitigating effect of farmers-herders clashes and students’ social interaction on academic achievement in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. Two research questions guided the study. The design of the investigation is the ex-post facto design. The population of the investigation consisted of 3750 respondents. The multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select thousand, three hundred, and ten (1310) students. Mean and standard deviation was employed in answering the stated research questions while the t-test statistics were used for the formulated hypotheses. The findings of the study revealed that farmers-herders clashes have an effect on students’ academic achievement as students in the areas affected by the clashes performed lower than their counterparts in the areas not affected. The paper recommended that, in addition to the provision of adequate security to locations within both states prone to the clashes between farmers and herders, qualified and experienced counselors and administrators be stationed in at-risk schools to manage future occurrences and adequate measures are put in place to eradicate indices causing and fueling the clashes in the affected locations.
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References
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Adiloju, J., & Akem, A. (2003). Multivariate relationship between professional qualification and efficiency. Sokoto Journal of Tertiary Education, 1(5), 9-16.
Adunola, O. (2010). The challenges affecting the implementation of Universal Basic Education. Ijebu-Ode: Ejobooster Books.
Agber, V.T. (2002). Managing education in Nigeria for national development: Problems and prospects. A. Shoja, V.T. Agber, & I. Ogbu (Eds.), Language, literature and education for national development (pp.30-46). Abuja: ZED Communications and Desktop Publishers.
Aggarawel, D.S. (2002). Influence of environment on school management in Makurdi Educational Zone of Benue State. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, University of Jos.
Akinboye, J.O. (2006). Definitions of emotional intelligence from creativity paradigm. CYFO Behavioural Services, Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.
Alemika, E.O. & Okoye, F. Eds. (2002). Ethno-religious clashes and democracy in Nigeria: Challenges. Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor.
Alibi, D.T. (2006). Emerging trends and dimensions of the Rwandan crisis . African Journal of International Affairs and Development, 3(5), 134-150.
Aluaigba, M.T. (2009). The Tiv-Jukun ethnic clashe and citizenship question in Nigeria. Kano: Aminu Kano Centre for Democratic Research and Training, Bayero University.
Angbing, H.D. (2014). Determinants of senior high school students’ performance in social studies in the Central Region of Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(8), 178-198.
Asiyanbola, A.R., (2007). Urban-ethno communal clashes in Africa: Nigeria. A paper submitted for presentation at the Union for African Population Studies (UAPS), Fifth Population Conference, Arusha, Tanzania.
Atondo, S.I. (2016). Influence of environmental factors on students’ academic achievement in secondary schools in southern senatorial district of Taraba State. A Master’s Dissertation, Department of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi.
Bruck, M., Di Maio, M., & Miaari, S. (2014). Employment restrictions and political violence in the Israeli-Palestinian clashes. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 101, 24-44.
Burton, G. (2016). Background report: The Fulani herdsmen. Project Cyma Publication. Pp.1-18.
Changnon, T. (2009). Importance of social interactions. Stanislaus County: Office of Education.
Conteh, J.S. (1998). Colonial roots of clashes in Africa: A historical perspective, prevention and resolution. African Journal of Clashes Prevention, Management and Resolution, 2(1), 67-84.
Daru, E.R. (2012). School violence in secondary school: Its effect on social development. Master of Education Dissertation, University of Yaoundé, Cameroun.
Di Maio, M., & Nandi, T. (2013). The effect of the Israeli-Palestinian clashes on child labour and social attendance in the West Bank. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 100, 107-116.
Ehiametalor, E.T. (1985). Strategies in the management of education. Ibadan: Evans Brothers Limited.
Federal Government of Nigeria (2013). National Policy on Education(6th edition). Lagos: NERDC Printing Press.
Ghazarian, S.R., & Buehler, C. (2008). Inter-parental clashes and academic achievement: An examination of mediating and moderating factors. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 1-13.
Hollander, J.A. & Gordon, H.R. (2006). The processes of social construction in talk. Symbolic Interaction, 29:183-212.
Homans, G.C. (1958). Social behaviour as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
Hotepo, O.M., Asokere, A.S.S., Abdul-Azeez, I.A., & Ajemunigbohun, S.S.A. (2010). Empirical study of the effect of clashes on organizational performance in Nigeria. Business and Economics Journal, 15, 331-365.
Jamila, M. & Stevens, M.S. (2009). Academic achievement and adjustment of children exposed to traumatic events. Accessed from http://sswr.confex.com/sswr.
Lyam, A.A. (2006). Kwande crisis: A community clashes of many interests. T.T. Gyuse & O. Ajene (Eds.), Clashes in the Benue Valley (pp. 44-60). Makurdi: Benue State University Press.
Marzano, R.J., & Marzano, J.S. (2008). Dimensions of learning. Retrieved from https://www.michigan.gov/documents/3-31072417.pdf.
Matovu, M. (2012). Academic self-concept and academic achievement among university students. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 4(1), 107-116.
McGaha-Garnet, V. (2004). The effects of violence on academic progress and classroom behaviour: From a parent’s perspective. American Counselling Association. 13(2), 56-70.
Miguel, E. & Roland, G. (2006). The long run impact of bombing Vietnam. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 11954, January. Cambridge: MA.
Mwakalinga, J.F. (2012). Teaching social interaction for learners with Autism: A study of how teachers aim to influence development of social interaction for learners with Autism. Unpublished Master of Philosophy dissertation, Universitete I Oslo.
Nasongo, B.M., & Moula, J.M. (2011). The effect of inter-tribal post-election violence clashes trauma on academic achievement among secondary school students in Mt. Elgon District, Kenya. African Research Review, 5(6):23, 249-258.
Nugent, T.T. (2009). The impact of teacher-student interaction on student motivation and achievement. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Central Florida, Orlando.
Ofem, O.O., & Inyang, B. (2014). Livelihood and clashes dimension among crop farmers and Fulani herdsmen in Yakurr Region of Cross River State. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(8). Rome: MCER Publishing.
Ogbonnaya, N.O. (2010). Principles and applications of educational policies in Nigeria. Nsukka: University Trust Publishers.
Okebukola, P. (2002, April). Meeting the challenges of secondary school administration in Nigeria. Keynote address at the 39th Annual Congress of All Nigeria Conference of Principals of Secondary Schools (ANCOPSS), Lagos.
Okereke, C., Ebele, L. & Oghenetega, U. (2014). The impact of social media on academic performance of university students in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(33), 123-134.
Okereke, C.E., & Oghenetega, L.U. (2014). The impact of social media on academic performance of university students in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(33), 265-286.
Okotoni, O., & Okotoni, A. (2003). Clashes management in secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 12(1), 23-38.
Okwori, A., & Tor-Anyiin, S.A. (2011). Education, social change and social institutions. A. Okwori, J.N. Uever, N.A. Ada & S.A. Tor-Anyiin (Eds.). Issues in sociology of education (pp.33-58). Makurdi: Destiny Ventures.
Oladunjoye, P., & Omemu, F. (2013). Effect of Boko Haram on school attendance in Nigeria. European Centre for Research Training and Development, 1(2), 1-9.
Olaosebikan, A.J. (2006). Clashes in Africa: Meaning, causes, impact and solutions. African Research Review, 4(4), 549-560.
Olugbode, A. (2015). Effect of social problems on the academic performance and social adjustment of secondary school students in Shomola Education District II of Lagos State. [Master’s Dissertation], University of Lagos.
Opiki, O.C. & Adeleke, J.O. (2015). Effects of communal clashes on enrolment, attendance and achievement of primary school pupils in Rivers State. International Journal of Engineering and Science, 12, 232-243.
Oyelere, R.U., & Wharton, K. (2013). The impact of clashes on education attainment and enrolment in Colombia: Lessons from recent IDPs’ households in clashes network. https://hien.org
Shamija, T.A. (2011). Impact of classroom interaction patterns on junior secondary school students’ attitude and achievement in Social Studies in Benue State. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Faculty of Education, Benue State University, Makurdi.
Spinath, B. (2012). Academic achievement. Encyclopedia of human behaviour. V.S. Ramachandran & S. Diego (eds.) CA: Academic Press
Steinmayr, R., Meibner, A., Weidinger, F., & Wirthwein, L. (2015). Academic achievement. Oxford Bibliographies. https://doi.10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0108
Stipek, D. (2002). Motivation to learn: Integration theory and practice. Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon Publishers.
Tenuche, M.S., & Olarewaju, I.O. (2009). Resource clashes among farmers and Fulani herdsmen: Implications for resource sustainability. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 3(9), 360-364.
Tolin, F., & Fola, E (2006). Sex differences in trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 2 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 959-992.
Tor-Anyiin, S.A. (2005). Experiential psychosocial effects of communal clashes on victims in Benue State (1999-2002). Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi.
Uever, J.N. (2011). Education and the social structure. A. Okwori, J.N. Uever, N.A. Ada &S.A. Tor-Anyiin (Eds.), Issues in sociology of education (pp.59-71). Makurdi: Destiny Ventures.
Utulu, R.E. (2007). The curriculum and the teacher: Theory and practice. Makurdi: Selfers Publishers.
Vandenberg, K.C. (2012). Class size and academic achievement. Electronic Theses and Dissertations Paper 408. Retrieved from htp//digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd
Varda, D., Retrum, J.H., & Kuenzi, K. (2014). The influence of teaching methodology on student social interaction. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 18(4), 633-660.
Zirra, Z.F., & Garba, U. (2006). Socio-economic dimension of clashe in the Benue Valley: An overview of the farmers-nomads clashe in Adamawa Central, Adamawa State of Nigeria. In T.T. Gyuse & O. Ajene (Eds.), Clashes in the Benue Valley (pp. 27-40). Makurdi: Benue State University Press.
Ademola, F.S. (2005). Theories of social clashe. S.G. Bhest (Ed.), Introduction to peace and clashe in West Africa (pp.35-60). Ibadan: Spectrum.
Adiloju, J., & Akem, A. (2003). Multivariate relationship between professional qualification and efficiency. Sokoto Journal of Tertiary Education, 1(5), 9-16.
Adunola, O. (2010). The challenges affecting the implementation of Universal Basic Education. Ijebu-Ode: Ejobooster Books.
Agber, V.T. (2002). Managing education in Nigeria for national development: Problems and prospects. A. Shoja, V.T. Agber, & I. Ogbu (Eds.), Language, literature and education for national development (pp.30-46). Abuja: ZED Communications and Desktop Publishers.
Aggarawel, D.S. (2002). Influence of environment on school management in Makurdi Educational Zone of Benue State. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, University of Jos.
Akinboye, J.O. (2006). Definitions of emotional intelligence from creativity paradigm. CYFO Behavioural Services, Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.
Alemika, E.O. & Okoye, F. Eds. (2002). Ethno-religious clashes and democracy in Nigeria: Challenges. Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor.
Alibi, D.T. (2006). Emerging trends and dimensions of the Rwandan crisis . African Journal of International Affairs and Development, 3(5), 134-150.
Aluaigba, M.T. (2009). The Tiv-Jukun ethnic clashe and citizenship question in Nigeria. Kano: Aminu Kano Centre for Democratic Research and Training, Bayero University.
Angbing, H.D. (2014). Determinants of senior high school students’ performance in social studies in the Central Region of Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(8), 178-198.
Asiyanbola, A.R., (2007). Urban-ethno communal clashes in Africa: Nigeria. A paper submitted for presentation at the Union for African Population Studies (UAPS), Fifth Population Conference, Arusha, Tanzania.
Atondo, S.I. (2016). Influence of environmental factors on students’ academic achievement in secondary schools in southern senatorial district of Taraba State. A Master’s Dissertation, Department of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi.
Bruck, M., Di Maio, M., & Miaari, S. (2014). Employment restrictions and political violence in the Israeli-Palestinian clashes. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 101, 24-44.
Burton, G. (2016). Background report: The Fulani herdsmen. Project Cyma Publication. Pp.1-18.
Changnon, T. (2009). Importance of social interactions. Stanislaus County: Office of Education.
Conteh, J.S. (1998). Colonial roots of clashes in Africa: A historical perspective, prevention and resolution. African Journal of Clashes Prevention, Management and Resolution, 2(1), 67-84.
Daru, E.R. (2012). School violence in secondary school: Its effect on social development. Master of Education Dissertation, University of Yaoundé, Cameroun.
Di Maio, M., & Nandi, T. (2013). The effect of the Israeli-Palestinian clashes on child labour and social attendance in the West Bank. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 100, 107-116.
Ehiametalor, E.T. (1985). Strategies in the management of education. Ibadan: Evans Brothers Limited.
Federal Government of Nigeria (2013). National Policy on Education(6th edition). Lagos: NERDC Printing Press.
Ghazarian, S.R., & Buehler, C. (2008). Inter-parental clashes and academic achievement: An examination of mediating and moderating factors. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 1-13.
Hollander, J.A. & Gordon, H.R. (2006). The processes of social construction in talk. Symbolic Interaction, 29:183-212.
Homans, G.C. (1958). Social behaviour as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
Hotepo, O.M., Asokere, A.S.S., Abdul-Azeez, I.A., & Ajemunigbohun, S.S.A. (2010). Empirical study of the effect of clashes on organizational performance in Nigeria. Business and Economics Journal, 15, 331-365.
Jamila, M. & Stevens, M.S. (2009). Academic achievement and adjustment of children exposed to traumatic events. Accessed from http://sswr.confex.com/sswr.
Lyam, A.A. (2006). Kwande crisis: A community clashes of many interests. T.T. Gyuse & O. Ajene (Eds.), Clashes in the Benue Valley (pp. 44-60). Makurdi: Benue State University Press.
Marzano, R.J., & Marzano, J.S. (2008). Dimensions of learning. Retrieved from https://www.michigan.gov/documents/3-31072417.pdf.
Matovu, M. (2012). Academic self-concept and academic achievement among university students. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 4(1), 107-116.
McGaha-Garnet, V. (2004). The effects of violence on academic progress and classroom behaviour: From a parent’s perspective. American Counselling Association. 13(2), 56-70.
Miguel, E. & Roland, G. (2006). The long run impact of bombing Vietnam. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 11954, January. Cambridge: MA.
Mwakalinga, J.F. (2012). Teaching social interaction for learners with Autism: A study of how teachers aim to influence development of social interaction for learners with Autism. Unpublished Master of Philosophy dissertation, Universitete I Oslo.
Nasongo, B.M., & Moula, J.M. (2011). The effect of inter-tribal post-election violence clashes trauma on academic achievement among secondary school students in Mt. Elgon District, Kenya. African Research Review, 5(6):23, 249-258.
Nugent, T.T. (2009). The impact of teacher-student interaction on student motivation and achievement. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Central Florida, Orlando.
Ofem, O.O., & Inyang, B. (2014). Livelihood and clashes dimension among crop farmers and Fulani herdsmen in Yakurr Region of Cross River State. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(8). Rome: MCER Publishing.
Ogbonnaya, N.O. (2010). Principles and applications of educational policies in Nigeria. Nsukka: University Trust Publishers.
Okebukola, P. (2002, April). Meeting the challenges of secondary school administration in Nigeria. Keynote address at the 39th Annual Congress of All Nigeria Conference of Principals of Secondary Schools (ANCOPSS), Lagos.
Okereke, C., Ebele, L. & Oghenetega, U. (2014). The impact of social media on academic performance of university students in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(33), 123-134.
Okereke, C.E., & Oghenetega, L.U. (2014). The impact of social media on academic performance of university students in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(33), 265-286.
Okotoni, O., & Okotoni, A. (2003). Clashes management in secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 12(1), 23-38.
Okwori, A., & Tor-Anyiin, S.A. (2011). Education, social change and social institutions. A. Okwori, J.N. Uever, N.A. Ada & S.A. Tor-Anyiin (Eds.). Issues in sociology of education (pp.33-58). Makurdi: Destiny Ventures.
Oladunjoye, P., & Omemu, F. (2013). Effect of Boko Haram on school attendance in Nigeria. European Centre for Research Training and Development, 1(2), 1-9.
Olaosebikan, A.J. (2006). Clashes in Africa: Meaning, causes, impact and solutions. African Research Review, 4(4), 549-560.
Olugbode, A. (2015). Effect of social problems on the academic performance and social adjustment of secondary school students in Shomola Education District II of Lagos State. [Master’s Dissertation], University of Lagos.
Opiki, O.C. & Adeleke, J.O. (2015). Effects of communal clashes on enrolment, attendance and achievement of primary school pupils in Rivers State. International Journal of Engineering and Science, 12, 232-243.
Oyelere, R.U., & Wharton, K. (2013). The impact of clashes on education attainment and enrolment in Colombia: Lessons from recent IDPs’ households in clashes network. https://hien.org
Shamija, T.A. (2011). Impact of classroom interaction patterns on junior secondary school students’ attitude and achievement in Social Studies in Benue State. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Faculty of Education, Benue State University, Makurdi.
Spinath, B. (2012). Academic achievement. Encyclopedia of human behaviour. V.S. Ramachandran & S. Diego (eds.) CA: Academic Press
Steinmayr, R., Meibner, A., Weidinger, F., & Wirthwein, L. (2015). Academic achievement. Oxford Bibliographies. https://doi.10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0108
Stipek, D. (2002). Motivation to learn: Integration theory and practice. Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon Publishers.
Tenuche, M.S., & Olarewaju, I.O. (2009). Resource clashes among farmers and Fulani herdsmen: Implications for resource sustainability. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 3(9), 360-364.
Tolin, F., & Fola, E (2006). Sex differences in trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 2 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 959-992.
Tor-Anyiin, S.A. (2005). Experiential psychosocial effects of communal clashes on victims in Benue State (1999-2002). Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi.
Uever, J.N. (2011). Education and the social structure. A. Okwori, J.N. Uever, N.A. Ada &S.A. Tor-Anyiin (Eds.), Issues in sociology of education (pp.59-71). Makurdi: Destiny Ventures.
Utulu, R.E. (2007). The curriculum and the teacher: Theory and practice. Makurdi: Selfers Publishers.
Vandenberg, K.C. (2012). Class size and academic achievement. Electronic Theses and Dissertations Paper 408. Retrieved from htp//digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd
Varda, D., Retrum, J.H., & Kuenzi, K. (2014). The influence of teaching methodology on student social interaction. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 18(4), 633-660.
Zirra, Z.F., & Garba, U. (2006). Socio-economic dimension of clashe in the Benue Valley: An overview of the farmers-nomads clashe in Adamawa Central, Adamawa State of Nigeria. In T.T. Gyuse & O. Ajene (Eds.), Clashes in the Benue Valley (pp. 27-40). Makurdi: Benue State University Press.
Published
2023-03-12
How to Cite
Roseline Okiemute, A., Anthony, O., Omokenu Laura, E., Carol, E., & Rosemary, E. (2023). MITIGATING EFFECT OF FARMERS-HERDERS CLASHES AND STUDENTS’ SOCIAL INTERACTION ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: IMPLICATION FOR SCHOOL COUNSELORS AND ADMINISTRATORS. GPH-International Journal of Educational Research, 6(01), 01-16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7725827
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2023 ANHO, Roseline Okiemute, OKOGI, Anthony, ENUDI, Omokenu Laura, EFE, Carol & EBOM, Rosemary
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