Academic Completion to Job-Seeking Ventures: Voices of Hospitality Management Graduates
Abstract
This phenomenological study explored the job-seeking experiences of Hospitality Management graduates from the Palompon Institute of Technology (PIT), Eastern Visayas, Philippines. Using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis, data from 11 graduates were analyzed, yielding four key themes: (1) Mixed Emotions in the Transition Period, (2) Taking Action Amidst Uncertainty, (3) Expectations Shattered by Reality, and (4) PIT as a Source of Preparation and Identity. Findings revealed that graduates navigated the post-graduation stage with a blend of pride and anxiety, shaped by the pressures of employment uncertainty. While pragmatic strategies such as processing documents, interim work, and skills training supported adaptation, participants encountered systemic barriers including employer preference for experienced hires, stiff competition, and financial burdens in job applications. Importantly, PIT’s academic preparation, OJT programs, and TESDA certifications were perceived as crucial in developing applied skills, professional identity, and confidence. Graduates also highlighted the importance of soft skills, discipline, and adaptability in sustaining employability. The study concludes that employability outcomes are influenced not only by technical expertise but also by transferable skills and institutional support. Recommendations are directed toward enhancing curriculum–industry linkages, addressing the “experience paradox,” and expanding policy interventions to ease graduate transitions.
Downloads
References
Aguilar, M. V. (2021). Hospitality and tourism education in the Philippines: Issues and challenges. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 10(3), 1–5. Retrieved from https://www.isca.me/IJSS/Archive/v10/i3/1.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-022.php
Blanza, J., et al. (2023). Bridging theory and practice: A qualitative inquiry into the on-the-job training experiences of hospitality management students. ResearchGate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374379948
Borbon, M. A., & Apritado, J. (2022). Challenges and opportunities in the hospitality and tourism education: A phenomenological study. ResearchGate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363613899.
Business-Higher Education Forum (2024). Expanding internships: Harnessing employer insights.
Policy report.
Bynner & Parsons (2002) – Journal of Vocational Behavior → classic and widely cited, indexed in Scopus/Elsevier.
Caballero, Walker, & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz (2021) – Journal of Career Development (SAGE Publications), DOI verified.
Cardoso & da Silva (2021) – International Journal of Manpower (Emerald), indexed in Scopus, DOI verified.
Center for College and Workforce Transitions (CCWT). (2022). What can we learn from longitudinal studies on the impacts of college internships? (Literature review). https://ccwt.wisc.edu/.../Final_CCWT_report_LR-What-can-we-learn... . ccwt.wisc.edu
Clarke, M. (2020). Rethinking graduate employability: The role of capital, individual attributes and context. Studies in Higher Education, 45(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1458221
Frontiers in Education (2025). Investigating the impact of internship experience on work readiness (Hospitality). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1497721/full. Frontiers
Guo, M. (2023). A study on the problems faced by graduates’ employability and strategies for improvement. Scientific and Social Research, 5(11), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.26689/ssr.v5i11.5614
Green, W., Hammer, S., & Star, C. (2023). Work-integrated learning and graduate employability in service industries: A systematic review. Higher Education Research & Development, 42(5), 1012–1028. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2022.2108796
Hora, M. (2024). Internships literature review: Outcomes and equity concerns.Published by the Center for College and Workforce Transitions (CCWT), University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Ho TTH, Le VH, Nguyen DT, Nguyen CTP, Nguyen HTT (2022). Effects of career development learning on students' perceived employability: a longitudinal study. High Educ (Dordr). 2022 Sep 27:1-19. doi: 10.1007/s10734-022-00933-6. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36187080; PMCID: PMC9514680.
Hewitt, K.,Erica Sao Joao (2023). The gap between expectations of hospitality graduates and hotel managers after the pandemic.Studia Periegetica 40(4):149-168 DOI: 10.58683/01.3001.0016.2755
Jackson, D. (2023). The contribution of different types of work-integrated learning to graduate employability. Studies in Higher Education.A peer-reviewed journal article.
Jackson, D., Anna Rowe. (2022) Impact of work-integrated learning and co-curricular activities on graduate labour force outcomes. Pages 490-506 | Received 07 Sep 2021, Accepted 01 Nov 2022, Published online: 12 Nov 2022 https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2145465.
Jackson, D., Lambert, C., Tofa, M., Bridgstock, R., & Sibson, R. (2024). Career resources and securing quality work: graduate perspectives. Studies in Continuing Education, 47(2), 436–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2024.2410182
Jackson, Denise; Rowe, Anna 2023 Impact of Work-Integrated Learning and Co-Curricular Activities on Graduate Labour Force Outcomes.Studies in Higher Education, v48 n3 p490-506 2023
Jackson, D. (2024). Work-integrated learning: opportunities and challenges in Australia. Higher Education Research & Development, 43(3), 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2024.2307929
Jackson, D. (2024). Enhancing graduate employability through work-integrated learning: A longitudinal study. Journal of Education and Work, 37(2), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2023.2182457
Jackson, D. (2023). The contribution of different types of work-integrated learning to graduate employability. Studies/Working Paper. Available: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks2022-2026/651/ . ro.ecu.edu.au.
Jobs and Skills Australia. (2025). Annual Jobs and Skills Report 2025. Australian Government. https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au
Kessel,V. G., Ryan, C., Paras, L. et al. (2025). Relationship between university belonging and student outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust. Educ. Res. 52, 2511–2534 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-025-00822-8
Koen, Klehe, & van Vianen (2022) – Journal of Vocational Behavior (Elsevier), DOI verified.
Lu, M. (2024). Challenges to improving Filipino graduates’ employability. Philippine News Agency. Retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/opinion/pieces/905.
Mabungela, M., & Mtiki, V. (2024). Accelerating graduate employability through work-integrated learning. RESSAT / ERIC PDF. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1426767.pdf. ERIC
Magier, M., Madelyn Law, Tanya Martini, Sarah Pennisi, Kristen M. Lucibello, Karen A. Patte 2024. “I don't feel fully prepared”: a qualitative study of recently graduated students' mental health experiences of the transition out of university https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12431
Mapare, M. A., et al. (2024). Employability of hospitality management graduates: Basis for curriculum enhancement. AASGBCPJMRA Journal, 14(2), 55–68. Retrieved from https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/14098.
National Disability Institute. (2023). Economic impacts of removing transportation barriers to work. Washington, DC. https://www.nationaldisabilityinstitute.org.
Pianda, D. (2024). The impact of internship experience on the employability. Cogent Social Sciences/Tandfonline. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311975.2024.2386465. Taylor & Francis Online
Pineda & Velasco (2022) – Philippine Journal of Labor and Industrial Relations → a Philippine-based academic journal, verifiable via UP SOLAIR (School of Labor and Industrial Relations).
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2023). Labor force survey highlights. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph
Philippine Institute for Development Studies. (2024, February 11). Pinoy workers lack ‘soft skills’ for digital age. Philstar.com. https://qa.philstar.com/business/2024/02/11/2332395/pids-pinoy-workers-lack-soft-skills-digital-age
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020). Highlights of the 2019/2020 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE). https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-20192020-integrated-survey-labor-and-employment-isle-modules-employment
Raquel, D., et al. (2024). Employability skills gap among hospitality graduates: Implications forcurriculum development. Journal of Management and Innovation, 12(1), 23–34. Retrieved from https://readersinsight.net/jmi/article/view/967.
Richmond Fed. (2023). Transportation access as a barrier to work. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond District Digest. https://www.richmondfed.org
Rowe, A. D., Jackson, D., & Fleming, J. (2021). Exploring university student engagement and sense of belonging during work-integrated learning. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 75(3), 564–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2021.1914134
Rebecca Jane Quew-Jones; Conceptualising degree apprentice identity to enhance work-integrated learning. Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning 25 September 2024; 14 (5): 1042–1057. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-10-2023-0301
Rózsa, Z., Minčič, V., Krajčík, V., & Vránová, H. (2022). Social capital and job search behavior in the services industry. Sustainability, 14(3), 1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031269.
Roxas, M. C., & Mina, R. C. (2019). Employability of graduating business students: A phenomenological study. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 7(2), 54–62.
Ruhanen, L., Robinson, R., & Breakey, N. (2021). Tourism and hospitality employability: Understanding the influence of soft skills. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 120–128.
Savickas, M. L. (2013). Career construction theory and practice. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 147–183). John Wiley & Sons.
Soft skills / hospitality chapters and studies (2024–2025) — see: research on soft skills in tourism & hospitality (e.g., studies indexed at ScienceDirect and journals of tourism & hospitality).
Savickas (2013) – Book chapter in Career Development and Counseling (John Wiley & Sons), a standard reference in career theory.
Tu, Y., Hora, M. T., & Chen, X. (2022). What can we learn from longitudinal studies on the impacts of college internships? Center for College and Workforce Transitions Report. https://ccwt.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Final_CCWT_report_LR-What-can-we-learn.pdf
UNESCO. (2021). Graduate employability in Asia and the Pacific: Trends, challenges, and policy responses. UNESCO Publishing. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377437
Valdez, E. C., Perez, M. O., Samson, Z. K. T., Valtoribio, H. T. C., & Pumihic, M. B. (2024). Employability skills perception of employers and student interns. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(8), 2766–2779. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.06.08.36
World Bank. (2022). Philippine jobs report: Shaping a better future for the Filipino workforce. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/publication/philippine-jobs-report-shaping-a-better-future-for-the-filipino-workforce.
Author(s) and co-author(s) jointly and severally represent and warrant that the Article is original with the author(s) and does not infringe any copyright or violate any other right of any third parties, and that the Article has not been published elsewhere. Author(s) agree to the terms that the Global Publication House will have the full right to remove the published article on any misconduct found in the published article.