VIETNAM'S SEAPORT POLICY AND TRADE COMPETITIVENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION

Abstract

In the context of globalization, deep integration through free trade agreements (CPTPP, EVFTA, RCEP), global supply chain shifts, and the proliferation of ultra-large container vessels (ULCVs), seaports play a pivotal role in Vietnam’s international trade, handling over 90% of the total import-export cargo volume. This study evaluates how Vietnam's seaport policy responds to the pressures and opportunities of globalization, as well as the extent to which these policy responses translate into national trade competitiveness. Employing a qualitative research approach, the paper combines a content analysis of key policy frameworks, including the 2015 Maritime Code, the 2021–2030 master plan for seaport development, seaport infrastructure fees, e-ports, and green ports with a comparative analysis of indicators such as the logistics performance index (LPI), the liner shipping connectivity index (LSCI), and logistics costs as a percentage of GDP between Vietnam, Singapore, and China, anchored in global value chain theory and Porter's national competitive advantage framework. The findings reveal that policy implementation and infrastructure planning exhibit time lags relative to actual market growth. Furthermore, while the competitiveness of major port clusters, such as Hai Phong and Cai Mep – Thi Vai, demonstrates an upward trajectory, it remains constrained by fragmentation and unsustainable practices. Key barriers encompass institutional mechanisms, logistics infrastructure, and inter-agency coordination. Based on these findings, the study proposes policy implications aimed at refining institutional frameworks, advancing infrastructure development, and enhancing cross-sectoral coordination.