PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF KIDNAPPING IN DEKINA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE
Keywords:
Kidnapping, Public Perception, Crime, Criminal Behaviour, Nigeria
Abstract
Kidnapping of all manner of persons has gained ascendency among communities in Nigeria and has instilled fear which has affected communal living and functionality. More so, the police who are mandated to provide security for the people are often unprepared for the task at hand. This has made the populace to lose confidence in criminal justice systems and other law enforcement agents’ ability to secure their lives and properties. Based on the above, this study examined the public perception of kidnapping in Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the prevalence of kidnapping; an evaluation of the public perception on the causes of kidnapping; an examination on the effects of kidnapping on socio-political and economic activities and then bringing to light the strategies for mitigating the prevalence of kidnapping in Dekina Local Government Area. The study used cross sectional survey research design and was anchored on structural strain theoretical framework. Multi-stage sampling technique was utilized to randomly select participants from the sample size of 511 in their respective communities. The study found that there was a high prevalence of kidnapping in the study area arising from the causative factors such as attractive ransom payment, non-cooperation with the police, insufficient model with strong moral standard, and too much emphasis on material gains, poverty, greed and unemployment among others. Arising from the findings, it was recommended among others that religious organisations and parents should strongly inculcate morals in their children as people perceived to be involved in kidnapping are affiliates of varying religion; It also recommended that government should engage unemployed youth in jobs and empowerment programmes.
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References
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Akpan, S.A. (2014). Kidnapping in Nigeria Niger Delta: An exploratory study. Journal of Social Sciences. 24 (1), 33-42
Alemika, E. and Chukwuma, I. (2007). Juvenile Justice in Nigeria: Philosophy and Practice. Lagos: Centre for Law Enforcement Education.
Alexander, D. A. and Klein, S. (2019). Kidnapping and hostage-taking: A review of effects, coping and resilience. Journal of the royal society of medicine. 102 (1) 16-21.
Anosike, B. (2019). On the war against kidnapping and armed robbery in Nigeria. http://www.kweny.com/.../anosike.../war-kidnapping-robbery-nigeria.htm.
Arjesuyo, A. E. (2014). Theoretical perspectives on campus cultism and Violence in Nigeria in Nigeria Universities: A review and conceptual approach. International Journal of Psychology Studies, 13(1), 106-112.
Babbie, E. (2007). The practice of social research (11th ed). United Kingdom: Wadsworth.
Beaves, A.S., Loundsbury, J.K., Richards, S.W., Hick, G.J., Skolits, S. and Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical consideration for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment Research Evaluation, 18(1).
Bedua, H. A. (2019). The case against the death penalty? www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/blog/capital-punishment.
Caleb, C. (2021) Impact of terrorism, banditry and kidnapping on human security in Nigeria. The 2020 Report of the Global Terrorism Index Ranks Nigeria. Journal Crime and Terrorism, 2(5), 20-25
Chukwuemeka, E. E.O., Anazodo, R. and Nzewi, H. (2011). Social Conflict in South – South Nigeria: Implication for foreign investment. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations. 5 (6) 335-340.
Cohen L. (2013). Research methods in education, sixth edition - STIBA Malang.URL: www.stiba-malang.ac.id/.../research%20method%20cohen%20ok.
Cullen, G. and Agnew, R. (2002). Criminological theory: Past to Present. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company.
Diara, B. C. D. (2010). Kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria as revolutionary effect of capitalism in Africa. International journal of research in Arts and social sciences. 2 49-57.
Dinye, V. U and Iwele, U. (2011). The role of education in the rebranding of Nigeria’s International Image. African Journal of Education and Technology. (2) 76-83.
Dode, R. O. (2007). Incidents of hostage taking and the Niger Delta Crisis in Nigeria. South South Journal of Culture and Development, 9 (1), 162-179.
Egwemi, V. (2010). From Militancy to Amnesty: Some thoughts on President Yar’adua’s Approach to the Niger Delta Crisis. Current Research Journal of Economic Theory, 2(3), 136-141.
Eke, E. (2010, July 25). Kidnapping solution lies with police, Traditional, Telecom firms – Business community: The Guardian, 27, 16.
Ekpeyong, A. O., Ukommi, A. S. and Agha, E. O. (2010). Poverty: A potent conflict escalator in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. Bangladesh Journal of Sociology. 7 (1) 33-41
El hajjar, S. T. (2018). Statistical analysis: Internal-consistency reliability and construct validity. International Journal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods, 6(1), 27-38.
Erhabour, C. (2012). Between state Governors and death penalty for kidnappers, www.ebeano.org/poverty-reduction-strategy.doc.
Faarhaan, P. (2010). Formal and informal social control. www.studymode,com.
Fage, K. S. & Alabi, D. O. (2017). Nigerian government and politics. Abuja: Basfa Global Concept Ltd.
Fararo, T.J. (2013). Foundational Problems in Theoretical Sociology. In Jon Clark (ed.). James S. Coleman. London: Falmer Press: 263-284.
Haralambos, M and Holborn, M (2004). Sociological themes and perspective. 6th ed. London
Hulin, C., Netemeyer, R., and Cudeck, R. (2001). Can a reliability coefficient be too high? Journal of Consumer Psychology, 10(1), 55-58.
Ibrahim, B., and Mukhtar, J.I. (2017). An Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Kidnapping in Nigeria. African Research Review 11(4), 134-143.
Ibrahim, O. (2021) Unknown gunmen kidnap eight ceramic workers in Kogi. The Guardian, 13
Iduh, S. (2011). The key challenges to peace in Nigeria. International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 3(8), 121-134.
Igbo, E. U. M. (2014). Introduction to Criminology. Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press.
Ikpang, J. A. (2011). Kidnapping: Exacerbating the corridors of criminality in Nigeria. Retrieved February 20 2012 from http://ww.docstoc.com/docs/16881285/kidnapping.
Inyang, B. (2009). The upsurge of militancy in the Niger Delta Region: A plea for pragmatic collective effort. Journal of Social and Policy issues, 6 (2), 56-62.
Inyang, J.D., and Abraham, U.E. (2013). The social problem of kidnapping and its implications on the socio-economic development of Nigeria: A study of Uyo Metropolis. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(6), 531-544.
Jimo, M. A., Daka, T., Godwin, A. and Aliu, A. O., (2021, September 22). Reps panel backs death penalty for kidnappers. The Guardian, 27, 3.
John, A. (2021, September, 28) Gunmen kidnap Kogi State University lecturer, demands N20 million. Daily Post, 6
John, M. (2020). Proliferation of kidnapping in Nigeria: Causes and Consequences. Journal of peace research, 45(4), 522-533.
John, W. (2020) Proliferation of kidnapping in Nigeria: Causes and consequences. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 5(3), 2454-6186
Johnbosco, A. and Ibrahim, H. (2021, July 13) 2,371 people abducted in Nigeria in first half of 2021 — Report. The Vanguard, 21
Kogi State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy. (2014). www.ebeano.org/poverty-reduction-strategy.doc.
Kubrin, W. (2003). New direction in social disorganisation theory. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 40(4), 374-402.
Kyrian, I. (2009). Intelligence Reports and Kidnapping. Dawn, May 17, 9.
Liptak, A. (2017). Does death penalty save lives? A new debate. www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/us/18deter.html.
Michgan State University and Death Penalty Information Centre. (2006). http://deathpenaltycerriculum.org/student/c/about/history/history.PDF.
Miller, K. (2009). The effect of family income, geography and structure on Juvenile Crime. http://www.unh.edu/sociology/media/podcasts/millerkarthryn.pdf.
Mohammed, I. (2021). No End in sight for insecurity and banditry in Northwestern Nigeria. Terrorism Monitor 19(13), 3-5.
Mohammed, M. K. N. (2008). Kidnap and Ransom in South East Asia: The case for a Regional Recording Standard. Asia Criminology.
Nike, P. (2012). Nigeria Accounts for 25% of Global Kidnappings – AIO. http://www.punchng.com/business-economy/nigeria-accounts-for-25-of-global-kidnappings-aio/
Njoku, L. (2010, July 17). Some victims and their relations in Enugu State in Enugu State recount their experience, just as individuals and organisation proffer solution to the vice. The Guardian, 27,51.
Nkwocha, I. B. (2011). Kidnapping for ransom: A prevalent urban pandemic in Nigeria. Research Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies. I (1) 172-185.
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Nunnally, J. C. and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (Ed.3). New York: McGraw Hill.
Nworah, U. (2020). Rebranding Nigeria Critical Perspective on the Heart of Africa Image Project. www.brandchannel.com/.../40-rebranding%20nigeria%20-%20critccal%...
Obikeze, D. S. (1990). Methods of Data Analysis in social and behavioural sciences. Enugu: Auto- Century publishing co.
Ocheja, A. (2019). Unburdening the burden of kidnapping and security challenges in Idah local government, Kogi state Nigeria (2008 - 2018). Kogi Journal of Empirical Research, 3(5), 13-25.
Ocheme. P. (2019). The Nigeria Criminal Law. Enugu: Liberty Publication ltd.
Odoemene, A. (2011). Social consequences of environmental change in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (2) 133-125.
Odoh, I. D. (2010). Kidnapping in Nigeria and its root causes. http://www.tncp.net/.../kidnapping-in-Nigeria-and-its-root-Causes.aspx.
Ogege, S. O (2009). Violent conflict in Nigeria: Patterns and resolution option. Journal of Sociology, psychology and Anthropology, 1(1/2), 144-161.
Ojukwu, C. C (2011). Terrorism, foreing policy and human right concerns in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in African. 13 (4), 371-384.
Okeafor, E. E. (2011). Youth Unemployment and Implication for Stability of Democracy in Nigeria. Journal of sustainable development in Africa, 12(1), 358-373
Okengwu, K. (2011). "Kidnapping in Nigeria issues and common sense ways of surviving". Global journal of educational research, 1(1), 001-008
Oni, A. A. (2007). Students Perception of Cult Activity on United States Colleges and University Campuses. Journal of social sciences, 4 (3) 424-430
Onyefusi, A. (2008). Oils and the probability of Rebel Participation among Youths in the Niger Delta. Journal of peace research, 45(4), 539-555.
Onyishi, A. and Eme, I. O. (2011). The challenges of insecurity in Nigeria a thematic Exposition. Interdisciplinary Journal of contemporary research in Business, 3(8), 172-185.
Osaghea, S. A. (2011). Security challenges of kidnapping in our polity. Paper presented at the workshop for sensitization on security awareness, Enugu, Torscana hotel.
Owagbemi, G. O., Olaseinde, O. S. (2021). The perception and measures towards Curbing Kidnapping in Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 8(8), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0808004 www.arcjournals.org
Raheem, T. (2020 September, 29). Abonigi blames youths unemployment. Daily Sun,.
Randy, S. (2010). Social disorganisation theory. Review of the roots of youth violence. www.sagepub.com/upm-data/36812-5.pdf
Ritzer, G. (2008). Sociological theory (7th ed.). United States of America: McGraw-Hill.
Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L.S. (1991). Criteria for scale selection and evaluation. Meas Pers Social Psychology of Attitude, 1(3), 1-6.
Siegel, L. J. (2010). Criminology: Theories, patterns, and typology (10th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth.
Soyombo, O. (2019 September, 17). Sociology and crime control: That we may live in peace. The Guardian, 56-72
Thomas, T. and Nta, P. (2019 August, 10). Kidnapped and persecuted Coman Clem’s Wife, a 5 Year Old Girl. Community Pulse, 6.
Travis, D. J., & Mor Barak, M. E. (2010). Fight or flight? Factors influencing child welfare workers’ propensity to seek positive change or disengage from their jobs. Journal of Social Service Research, 36, 188–205. doi:10.1080/01488371003697905
Ugwu, C. I. (2020). Dealing with kidnapping in Nigeria: The old testament way. paper presented at the 31st annual conference of Nigeria association for the study of religion, (NASR), Alayande College of Education, Erelu Campus,Erelu Oyo,Oyo State.
Ugwulebo, O. E. (2021). Kidnapping in Nigeria. Nigeria: Cel-Bez Publishing Co. Ltd.
Ugwuoke, C.U (2019). Nigeria and the menace of kidnapping: The way forward. Nigeria journal of research and production. 18 (2)
Ugwuoke,C.U (2010). Criminology, explaining crime in the Nigeria context. Enugu: Great Express Publishers Ltd.
Wim J., Katrien W., Patrick D. P., and Patrick V. K., ( 2008). Marketing Research with SPSS. Prentice Hall; Pearson Education. ISBN: 978-0-273-70383-9. 274-275.
Adibe, J. (2021). Pervasive kidnapping in Nigeria: symptom of a failing state. http://www.holleafrica.com/showArticles.php?artld=304&catld=1
Agbo, A. (2021, July 25). Perception management: Kidnapped journalist in Nigeria. http://www.holleafrica.com/showArticles
Akpan, S.A. (2014). Kidnapping in Nigeria Niger Delta: An exploratory study. Journal of Social Sciences. 24 (1), 33-42
Alemika, E. and Chukwuma, I. (2007). Juvenile Justice in Nigeria: Philosophy and Practice. Lagos: Centre for Law Enforcement Education.
Alexander, D. A. and Klein, S. (2019). Kidnapping and hostage-taking: A review of effects, coping and resilience. Journal of the royal society of medicine. 102 (1) 16-21.
Anosike, B. (2019). On the war against kidnapping and armed robbery in Nigeria. http://www.kweny.com/.../anosike.../war-kidnapping-robbery-nigeria.htm.
Arjesuyo, A. E. (2014). Theoretical perspectives on campus cultism and Violence in Nigeria in Nigeria Universities: A review and conceptual approach. International Journal of Psychology Studies, 13(1), 106-112.
Babbie, E. (2007). The practice of social research (11th ed). United Kingdom: Wadsworth.
Beaves, A.S., Loundsbury, J.K., Richards, S.W., Hick, G.J., Skolits, S. and Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical consideration for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment Research Evaluation, 18(1).
Bedua, H. A. (2019). The case against the death penalty? www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/blog/capital-punishment.
Caleb, C. (2021) Impact of terrorism, banditry and kidnapping on human security in Nigeria. The 2020 Report of the Global Terrorism Index Ranks Nigeria. Journal Crime and Terrorism, 2(5), 20-25
Chukwuemeka, E. E.O., Anazodo, R. and Nzewi, H. (2011). Social Conflict in South – South Nigeria: Implication for foreign investment. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations. 5 (6) 335-340.
Cohen L. (2013). Research methods in education, sixth edition - STIBA Malang.URL: www.stiba-malang.ac.id/.../research%20method%20cohen%20ok.
Cullen, G. and Agnew, R. (2002). Criminological theory: Past to Present. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company.
Diara, B. C. D. (2010). Kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria as revolutionary effect of capitalism in Africa. International journal of research in Arts and social sciences. 2 49-57.
Dinye, V. U and Iwele, U. (2011). The role of education in the rebranding of Nigeria’s International Image. African Journal of Education and Technology. (2) 76-83.
Dode, R. O. (2007). Incidents of hostage taking and the Niger Delta Crisis in Nigeria. South South Journal of Culture and Development, 9 (1), 162-179.
Egwemi, V. (2010). From Militancy to Amnesty: Some thoughts on President Yar’adua’s Approach to the Niger Delta Crisis. Current Research Journal of Economic Theory, 2(3), 136-141.
Eke, E. (2010, July 25). Kidnapping solution lies with police, Traditional, Telecom firms – Business community: The Guardian, 27, 16.
Ekpeyong, A. O., Ukommi, A. S. and Agha, E. O. (2010). Poverty: A potent conflict escalator in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. Bangladesh Journal of Sociology. 7 (1) 33-41
El hajjar, S. T. (2018). Statistical analysis: Internal-consistency reliability and construct validity. International Journal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods, 6(1), 27-38.
Erhabour, C. (2012). Between state Governors and death penalty for kidnappers, www.ebeano.org/poverty-reduction-strategy.doc.
Faarhaan, P. (2010). Formal and informal social control. www.studymode,com.
Fage, K. S. & Alabi, D. O. (2017). Nigerian government and politics. Abuja: Basfa Global Concept Ltd.
Fararo, T.J. (2013). Foundational Problems in Theoretical Sociology. In Jon Clark (ed.). James S. Coleman. London: Falmer Press: 263-284.
Haralambos, M and Holborn, M (2004). Sociological themes and perspective. 6th ed. London
Hulin, C., Netemeyer, R., and Cudeck, R. (2001). Can a reliability coefficient be too high? Journal of Consumer Psychology, 10(1), 55-58.
Ibrahim, B., and Mukhtar, J.I. (2017). An Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Kidnapping in Nigeria. African Research Review 11(4), 134-143.
Ibrahim, O. (2021) Unknown gunmen kidnap eight ceramic workers in Kogi. The Guardian, 13
Iduh, S. (2011). The key challenges to peace in Nigeria. International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 3(8), 121-134.
Igbo, E. U. M. (2014). Introduction to Criminology. Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press.
Ikpang, J. A. (2011). Kidnapping: Exacerbating the corridors of criminality in Nigeria. Retrieved February 20 2012 from http://ww.docstoc.com/docs/16881285/kidnapping.
Inyang, B. (2009). The upsurge of militancy in the Niger Delta Region: A plea for pragmatic collective effort. Journal of Social and Policy issues, 6 (2), 56-62.
Inyang, J.D., and Abraham, U.E. (2013). The social problem of kidnapping and its implications on the socio-economic development of Nigeria: A study of Uyo Metropolis. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(6), 531-544.
Jimo, M. A., Daka, T., Godwin, A. and Aliu, A. O., (2021, September 22). Reps panel backs death penalty for kidnappers. The Guardian, 27, 3.
John, A. (2021, September, 28) Gunmen kidnap Kogi State University lecturer, demands N20 million. Daily Post, 6
John, M. (2020). Proliferation of kidnapping in Nigeria: Causes and Consequences. Journal of peace research, 45(4), 522-533.
John, W. (2020) Proliferation of kidnapping in Nigeria: Causes and consequences. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 5(3), 2454-6186
Johnbosco, A. and Ibrahim, H. (2021, July 13) 2,371 people abducted in Nigeria in first half of 2021 — Report. The Vanguard, 21
Kogi State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy. (2014). www.ebeano.org/poverty-reduction-strategy.doc.
Kubrin, W. (2003). New direction in social disorganisation theory. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 40(4), 374-402.
Kyrian, I. (2009). Intelligence Reports and Kidnapping. Dawn, May 17, 9.
Liptak, A. (2017). Does death penalty save lives? A new debate. www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/us/18deter.html.
Michgan State University and Death Penalty Information Centre. (2006). http://deathpenaltycerriculum.org/student/c/about/history/history.PDF.
Miller, K. (2009). The effect of family income, geography and structure on Juvenile Crime. http://www.unh.edu/sociology/media/podcasts/millerkarthryn.pdf.
Mohammed, I. (2021). No End in sight for insecurity and banditry in Northwestern Nigeria. Terrorism Monitor 19(13), 3-5.
Mohammed, M. K. N. (2008). Kidnap and Ransom in South East Asia: The case for a Regional Recording Standard. Asia Criminology.
Nike, P. (2012). Nigeria Accounts for 25% of Global Kidnappings – AIO. http://www.punchng.com/business-economy/nigeria-accounts-for-25-of-global-kidnappings-aio/
Njoku, L. (2010, July 17). Some victims and their relations in Enugu State in Enugu State recount their experience, just as individuals and organisation proffer solution to the vice. The Guardian, 27,51.
Nkwocha, I. B. (2011). Kidnapping for ransom: A prevalent urban pandemic in Nigeria. Research Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies. I (1) 172-185.
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Nunnally, J. C. and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (Ed.3). New York: McGraw Hill.
Nworah, U. (2020). Rebranding Nigeria Critical Perspective on the Heart of Africa Image Project. www.brandchannel.com/.../40-rebranding%20nigeria%20-%20critccal%...
Obikeze, D. S. (1990). Methods of Data Analysis in social and behavioural sciences. Enugu: Auto- Century publishing co.
Ocheja, A. (2019). Unburdening the burden of kidnapping and security challenges in Idah local government, Kogi state Nigeria (2008 - 2018). Kogi Journal of Empirical Research, 3(5), 13-25.
Ocheme. P. (2019). The Nigeria Criminal Law. Enugu: Liberty Publication ltd.
Odoemene, A. (2011). Social consequences of environmental change in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (2) 133-125.
Odoh, I. D. (2010). Kidnapping in Nigeria and its root causes. http://www.tncp.net/.../kidnapping-in-Nigeria-and-its-root-Causes.aspx.
Ogege, S. O (2009). Violent conflict in Nigeria: Patterns and resolution option. Journal of Sociology, psychology and Anthropology, 1(1/2), 144-161.
Ojukwu, C. C (2011). Terrorism, foreing policy and human right concerns in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in African. 13 (4), 371-384.
Okeafor, E. E. (2011). Youth Unemployment and Implication for Stability of Democracy in Nigeria. Journal of sustainable development in Africa, 12(1), 358-373
Okengwu, K. (2011). "Kidnapping in Nigeria issues and common sense ways of surviving". Global journal of educational research, 1(1), 001-008
Oni, A. A. (2007). Students Perception of Cult Activity on United States Colleges and University Campuses. Journal of social sciences, 4 (3) 424-430
Onyefusi, A. (2008). Oils and the probability of Rebel Participation among Youths in the Niger Delta. Journal of peace research, 45(4), 539-555.
Onyishi, A. and Eme, I. O. (2011). The challenges of insecurity in Nigeria a thematic Exposition. Interdisciplinary Journal of contemporary research in Business, 3(8), 172-185.
Osaghea, S. A. (2011). Security challenges of kidnapping in our polity. Paper presented at the workshop for sensitization on security awareness, Enugu, Torscana hotel.
Owagbemi, G. O., Olaseinde, O. S. (2021). The perception and measures towards Curbing Kidnapping in Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 8(8), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0808004 www.arcjournals.org
Raheem, T. (2020 September, 29). Abonigi blames youths unemployment. Daily Sun,.
Randy, S. (2010). Social disorganisation theory. Review of the roots of youth violence. www.sagepub.com/upm-data/36812-5.pdf
Ritzer, G. (2008). Sociological theory (7th ed.). United States of America: McGraw-Hill.
Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L.S. (1991). Criteria for scale selection and evaluation. Meas Pers Social Psychology of Attitude, 1(3), 1-6.
Siegel, L. J. (2010). Criminology: Theories, patterns, and typology (10th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth.
Soyombo, O. (2019 September, 17). Sociology and crime control: That we may live in peace. The Guardian, 56-72
Thomas, T. and Nta, P. (2019 August, 10). Kidnapped and persecuted Coman Clem’s Wife, a 5 Year Old Girl. Community Pulse, 6.
Travis, D. J., & Mor Barak, M. E. (2010). Fight or flight? Factors influencing child welfare workers’ propensity to seek positive change or disengage from their jobs. Journal of Social Service Research, 36, 188–205. doi:10.1080/01488371003697905
Ugwu, C. I. (2020). Dealing with kidnapping in Nigeria: The old testament way. paper presented at the 31st annual conference of Nigeria association for the study of religion, (NASR), Alayande College of Education, Erelu Campus,Erelu Oyo,Oyo State.
Ugwulebo, O. E. (2021). Kidnapping in Nigeria. Nigeria: Cel-Bez Publishing Co. Ltd.
Ugwuoke, C.U (2019). Nigeria and the menace of kidnapping: The way forward. Nigeria journal of research and production. 18 (2)
Ugwuoke,C.U (2010). Criminology, explaining crime in the Nigeria context. Enugu: Great Express Publishers Ltd.
Wim J., Katrien W., Patrick D. P., and Patrick V. K., ( 2008). Marketing Research with SPSS. Prentice Hall; Pearson Education. ISBN: 978-0-273-70383-9. 274-275.
Published
2024-01-21
How to Cite
ULOKO, M., Imoudu GOMMENT, T., & YUNUSA, E. (2024). PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF KIDNAPPING IN DEKINA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE. GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 7(01), 01-31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10545180
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Copyright (c) 2024 Mary ULOKO, Thomas Imoudu GOMMENT & Edime YUNUSA
Author(s) and co-author(s) jointly and severally represent and warrant that the Article is original with the author(s) and does not infringe any copyright or violate any other right of any third parties, and that the Article has not been published elsewhere. Author(s) agree to the terms that the GPH Journal will have the full right to remove the published article on any misconduct found in the published article.
