TOURISM ENTREPRENEUIRAL PRACTICES AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTEPRISES CRAFT-MAKERS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
Keywords:
Innovation, Job Creation,Revenue Generation,Risk-Taking
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between tourism entrepreneurial practices and economic empowerment of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Delta State Nigeria. It adopted the survey design method; with the population comprising providers of tourism SMEs in the State. A sample of 209 entrepreneurs was drawn from this population using the cluster sampling technique. Primary data was obtained through the administration of a questionnaire measured on a four point Likert Scale. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r) coefficient was used for testing the postulated hypotheses. The findings revealed that the dimensions of entrepreneurial practices had positive and significant relationship with economic empowerment measures. The study concluded that there is need for operators of SMEs to be entrepreneurial so as to enable them achieve success in the competitive business environment. Following the conclusion, it was recommended that SMEs within the craft-making tourism sector in the state should take calculated risks in order to enhance and improve their production abilities. They should anticipate future needs and wants of tourists in order to accommodate growing patronage.They should also develop more entrepreneurial skills and competencies as this will help them adapt to the changing environment.
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References
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Pike, S. (2004). Destination brand positioning phrases and positioning strategies. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 9(1), 27-39.
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Smith, M. K. (2017). Tourism, culture, and regeneration. Routledge.
Sofield, T. H., & Li, F. (2011). The impacts of tourism on rural livelihoods: Namibia’s experience. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(3), 279-295.
Stamboulis, Y., &Skayannis, P. (2003). Innovation strategies and technology for experience-based tourism. Tourism Management, 24(1), 35-43.
Stewart Jr, W. H., & Roth, P. L. (2001). Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 145-158.
Stockdale, B. (2011). UK innovation survey 2010. Economic Trends, nº580, March 2011.
Swierczek, F. W., & Ha, T. T. (2003). Entrepreneurial orientation, uncertainty avoidance, and firm performance: An analysis of Thai and Vietnamese SMEs. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(1), 46-58.
Triharjono, M. (1992). The role and importance of motivation and empowerment employees in the success of the enterprise. University for Business and Technology International Conference, 10, 33107/ubt-ic.2018.322.
Valliere, D., & Peterson, R. (2009). Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Evidence from emerging and developed countries. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 21, 459-480.
Ben-Roy, D., Pi-Wen, Y.,& Jean, M. (2016). Exploring the relationship among human resource flexibility, organizational innovation, and adaptability culture. Chinese Management Studies, 10, 657-674.
Bergenholtz, M. J., &Waldstrom, M. (2011). Process management and technological innovation: A longitudinal study of photography and paint industries. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 676-706.
Bjerke, B., & Hultman, C. M. (2002). Entrepreneurial marketing: The growth of small firms in the new economic era. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, UK.
Briedenhann, J., & Wickens, E. (2004). Tourism routes as a tool for the economic development of rural areas—vibrant hope or impossible dream? Tourism Management, 25(1), 71–79.
Brida, J. G., Pulina, M., & Risso, W. A. (2012). Tourism specialization and economic development: Evidence from the European Union. Tourism Management, 33(3), 516-524.
Buckley, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 528-546.
Carson, D., & Cromie, J. (1990). Marketing planning in small enterprises: A model and some empirical evidence. Journal of Marketing Management, 5(1), 33–49.
Cieślik, J. (2004). Entrepreneurship and job creation. Management and Economic Policy for Development.
Dallen, J. T., & Boyd, S. W. (2012). Tourism and sustainable community development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(6), 787-791.
Dritsakis, N. (2012). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: An empirical investigation for Greece using causality analysis. Tourism Economics, 18(4), 877-890.
Dritsakis, N. (2012). Tourism development and economic growth in seven Mediterranean countries: A panel data approach. Tourism Economics, 18(4), 801-816.
Enright, M. J., & Newton, J. (2004). Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in Asia Pacific: Comprehensiveness and universality. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 415-427.
Eshegheri, A. E. (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation and resilience of medium-scale businesses in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 9(35), 7-12.
Fadda, N. (2018). The effects of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions on performance in the tourism sector. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 21.
Gamede, B. T., &Uleanya, C. (2020). Roles of entrepreneurship as a tool to improve economic development: Case of job creation in developing nations. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education.
Goodwin, H. (2011). In-depth benchmarking and tourism development: A new approach for small island destinations. Tourism Management, 32(2), 326-334.
Gretzel, U., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2013). Searching for the future: Challenges faced by destination marketing organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 52(5), 551-560.
Hamali, Sambudi. (2015). The effect of entrepreneurial marketing on business performance: Small garment industry in Bandung City, Indonesia. Developing Country Studies, 5(1), 24-29.
Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). Middle managers' perception of the internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship: Assessing a measurement scale. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3), 253-273.
Jamal, T. B., & Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 186-204.
Koh, K., & Hatten, T. (2002). The tourism entrepreneur. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 3, 21-48.
Komppula, R. (2014). The role of individual entrepreneurs in the development of competitiveness for a rural tourism destination – A case study. Tourism Management, 40, 361-371.
Kraus, S., Filser, M., Eggers, F., Hills, G. E., & Hultman, C. M. (2012). The entrepreneurial marketing domain: A citation and co-citation analysis. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 6-26.
Kraus, S., Harms, R., & Fink, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial marketing: Moving beyond marketing in new ventures. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 11(1), 19-34.
Kreiser, P. M., & Davis, J. (2010). EO and firm performance: The unique impact of innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 23(1), 39-51.
Lichtenstein, B. M., & Brush, C. G. (2001). How do ‘resource bundles’ develop and change in new ventures? A dynamic model and longitudinal exploration. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 25(2), 37-59.
Mali, F. (2013). The contribution of sustainable tourism to economic growth and employment in Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3785.
Malerba, F., & McKelvey, M. (2020). Knowledge-intensive innovative entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship.
McManus, S., Seville, E., Vargo, J., & Brunsdon, D. (2008). Facilitated process for improving organizational resilience. Natural Hazards Review, 9(2), 81–90.
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791.
Morris, M. H., Schindehutte, M., & LaForge, R. W. (2002). Entrepreneurial marketing: A construct for integrating emerging entrepreneurship and marketing perspectives. Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice, 10, 1–19.
Nienaber, A., Hofeditz, M., &Romeike, P. (2015). Vulnerability and trust in leader-follower relationships. Personnel Review, 44(4), 567-591.
Nongsiej, P., &Shimray, S. (2017). The role of entrepreneurship in the tourism industry: An overview.
Olannye, D., &Eromafuru, E. D. (2016). The dimension of entrepreneurial marketing on the performance of fast food restaurants in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 7, 137-146.
Ogunlana, F. (2018). The role of entrepreneurship as the driver of economic growth. Centria University of Applied Sciences, 1-48.
Pike, S. (2004). Destination brand positioning phrases and positioning strategies. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 9(1), 27-39.
Rasool, H., Maqbool, S., & Tarique, M. (2021). The relationship between tourism and economic growth among BRICS countries: A panel cointegration analysis. Futur Bus J, 7, 1.
Richard, B. C., Marilyn, H. M., & John, M. P. (2012). The effect of entrepreneurial marketing on outcome goals in SMEs. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 15(1), Article 3.
Ritchie, J. R., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. CABI Publishing.
Smith, M. K. (2017). Tourism, culture, and regeneration. Routledge.
Sofield, T. H., & Li, F. (2011). The impacts of tourism on rural livelihoods: Namibia’s experience. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(3), 279-295.
Stamboulis, Y., &Skayannis, P. (2003). Innovation strategies and technology for experience-based tourism. Tourism Management, 24(1), 35-43.
Stewart Jr, W. H., & Roth, P. L. (2001). Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 145-158.
Stockdale, B. (2011). UK innovation survey 2010. Economic Trends, nº580, March 2011.
Swierczek, F. W., & Ha, T. T. (2003). Entrepreneurial orientation, uncertainty avoidance, and firm performance: An analysis of Thai and Vietnamese SMEs. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(1), 46-58.
Triharjono, M. (1992). The role and importance of motivation and empowerment employees in the success of the enterprise. University for Business and Technology International Conference, 10, 33107/ubt-ic.2018.322.
Valliere, D., & Peterson, R. (2009). Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Evidence from emerging and developed countries. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 21, 459-480.
Published
2024-09-01
How to Cite
Fidelia Marymagdalene, S., & Eugene Chigozie, N. (2024). TOURISM ENTREPRENEUIRAL PRACTICES AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTEPRISES CRAFT-MAKERS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA. GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 5(10), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13624891
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Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana, India
