A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY BRITISH AND FRENCH COLONIAL SYSTEM AND ITS EFFECT ON WEST AFRICA
Keywords:
Colonialism, Nigeria, Senegal, and Europe
Abstract
This research discussed colonialism's impact on West African countries, precisely Nigeria and Senegal. While it was proved that the effects were both positive and negative, emphasis was laid on the adverse effects of colonialism by the British and French. It was noticed that Africans were affected politically, socially, culturally and religiously. The Colonizers used direct and indirect rule for Senegal and Nigeria respectively. The analysis revealed the present state of these African countries and how they are still suffering from the negative impacts of colonialism which has hindered their growth over the years. During the colonial era, African countries were exploited. They were made to produce raw materials to facilitate industrialization in Europe at the detriment of the development of the African continent, thus making them major consumers of manufactured products and key distributors of raw materials to countries abroad; this is still a trend in recent time as both countries are monoculture economically. Nigeria keeps deteriorating in almost every sector even though they are amongst leading suppliers of petroleum. The work concludes by showing that the various ruling methods turn Senegalese into Frenchmen while Nigeria has recorded diverse riots and wars. The research recommended that: the United Nations should facilitate actions on payment of reparation to West Africans; the teaching of Africans’ cultural and traditional norms and values in schools to bring back the lost culture of the people should be imbibed; Africans should trade within themselves more to strengthen their economic values, circulate their products to reduce importation of good from foreign countries.
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References
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Adegbulu, F. (2011). From Warrant Chiefs to Ezeship: A Distortion of Traditional Institutions in Igboland? Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2.2), 1–25.
Ajayi, J. F. A., & Crowder, M. (1971). History of West Africa. London: Longman.
Allain, J. (2013). The nineteenth century law of the sea and the British abolition of the slave trade, British Yearbook of International Law, 342-388,
Allen, R. (2009). The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective (New Approaches to Economic and Social History). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511816680
Alme, K. (2016). Colonial History of Nigeria:Slave Trade, Resource Extraction and the Invention of a National Territory. (Environmental History of the Niger Delta and Its People)
Asuk, O.C. (2011). Two Oils, Same Phenomena: Historicizing Exclusion, Poverty and Contemporary Violence in the Niger Delta. African Research Review 5(2).Pg.2
Barker, J.P. (2012). A Rentier Class: Economic Aspects of the Colonial Legacy in Senegal. E-International Relations.
Bawa, A.B. (2013). From Imperialism to Diplomacy: A Historical Analysis of French and SenegalCultural Relationship. Pg. 4.
Bernards, N. (2020). Climate Change: How Senegal’s Colonial History Made it More Vulnerable. (The Conversation, 6 March 2020)
Britannica. Senegal. (Britannica)
Britannica. Nigeria. (Britannica)
Camara, F.K. and Seck, A. (2010). Secularity and Freedom of Religion in Senegal: Between a Constitutional Rock and a Hard Reality. Brigham Young University Law Review 2010(3).
Chinweizu, (1987). The West and the rest of us: white predators, Black slavers, and the African elite. Lagos, Nigeria: Pero Press.
Clignet, R. (1968). The Legacy of Assimilation in West African Educational Systems: It means and Ambiguities. Comparative Education Review, 12(1), 57–67. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1186902
Craven, M. (2015). Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the logic of free trade, London Review of International Law,3(1), 31-59. https://doi.org/10.1093/lril/lrv002
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions.
Crowder, M. (1966). A Short History of Nigeria (2nd ed.). New York, F.A. Praeger.
Crowder, M. (1967) Senegal: A Study in French Assimilation. London: Oxford University Press
Crowder, M. (1964). Indirect Rule: French and British Style. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 34(3), 197–205.https://doi.org/10.2307/1158021
Diame, M. (2011). Traditional Culture and Educational Success in Senegal, West Africa. (Master’s Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011).
Dudley, B. J. (2013). Parties and politics in Northern Nigeria. Routledge.
Gierczynski-Bocande, U. (2007). Islam and Democracy in Senegal. (International Reports, 31 December 2007)
Hartwell, R.M. (Ed.). (1967). The Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England (1st ed.). Routledge. Pg 40 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315172163
Heldring, L. and Robinson, J.A. (2012). Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa. NBER Working Paper Series 18566.
Idowu, O. H. (1969). Assimilation in 19th Century Senegal. Cahiers D'études Africaines, 9(34), 194–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1969.3162
Iweriebor, E (2002) "The Psychology of Colonialism." At The End of Colonial Rule: Nationalism and Decolonization, vol. 4 of Africa, ed. Toyin Falola. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
Keese, A. (2019). " Wolof and Wolofisation: Statehood, Colonial Rule, and Identification in Senegal." In Ethnicity and the Colonial State. (Pp 84-157) Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004307353_004
Kennedy, C. (2018). The Great Hoax: Christianity is a White Man’s Religion. (Hope Academy, 15 February 2018).
Kohn, M., & Reddy, K. (2006). Colonialism.Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),
Lewis, M. D. (1962). One Hundred Million Frenchmen: The "Assimilation" Theory in French Colonial Policy. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 4(2), 129–153. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/177745.
Lugard, F. J. D. (1922). The Dual mandate in British Tropical Africa (1st ed.). Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
Maiangwa, B. (2020). The British Colonial Enterprise Hard-Wired Violence into Nigeria’s Governance. (Quartz, 21 October 2020).
McLaughlin, F. (2008). Senegal: The Emergence of a National Lingua Franca. In A. Simpson (Ed.), Language and National Identity in Africa (pp. 79–97). New York, Oxford University Press.
New Agriculturist, (2008). County Profile-Senegal. (New Agriculturist, September 2008). http://www.new-ag.info/en/country/profile.php?a=530 accessed 4th December 2021.
Ndiaye, N.R. (2012). The Road to Perpetual Stagnation: An Overview of the Senegalese Education System since 1960. (Master’s Thesis, Ohio State University, 2012).
Nwaubani, A.T. (2020). Remembering Nigeria’s Biafra War that Many Prefer to Forget. (BBC News, 15 January 2020).
Obadan, M.I. and Odusola, A.F. (2000). Productivity and Unemployment in Nigeria.National Centre for Economic Management and Administration.
Ocheni, S., & Nwankwo, B. C. (2020). Analysis of Colonialism and Its Impact in Africa. OS Canada Cross-Cultural Communication, 8(3), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.3968/j.ccc.1923670020120803.1189
Ogunbado, A. (2012). Impact of Colonialism on Religion: An Experience of SouthWestern Nigeria. Journal of Humanities and Social Science
Okoi, O. (2019). The Paradox of Nigeria’s Oil Dependency. (Africa Portal, 21 January 2019).
Okwudili, U.J (2018). Agriculture in the Precolonial Era of Nigeria: Forms, Importance, Problems, and Solution to the modern Days. (EDUCATION GIST, 30 January 2018).
Portcities Bristol. Reparations | The African diaspora | The wider world | After Slavery | Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery | PortCities Bristol. (n.d.). Retrieved December 30, 2021, from https://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/after-slavery/wider-world/african-diaspora/reparations/
Reynolds, J. (2001). Good and Bad Muslims: Islam and Indirect Rule in Northern Nigeria. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 34(3), 601–618. https://doi.org/10.2307/3097556
Scramble for Africa. Answers. (2018, November 22). Photograph. Retrieved December 28, 2021, from https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/history/what-was-the-scramble-for-africa/attachment/map-colonization-of-africa/
Settles, J. D. (1996). The Impact of Colonialism on African Economic Development. Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects.Pg. 7.
Smith, E. W. (1937). Indirect Rule in Nigeria: Miss Perham’s Great Book. Journal of the Royal African Society, 36(144), 371–378. http://www.jstor.org/stable/717607
Steyn, P. (2009). Oil Exploration in Colonial Nigeria, c.1903-1958. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 37(2).Pgs. 249-274
Taylor, S. J. (1984). Introduction to qualitative research methods. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ujumadu, V. et al. (2021). As IPOB Declares War Against Unknown Gunmen. (Vanguard, 27 November 2021).
Uzoigwe, G. N. (2009). ‘Evolution and Relevance of Autonomous Communities in Contemporary Igboland: An Essay in Local Governance,’ Journal of Third World Studies, Fall.
VOA. (2021). 37 Killed in Latest violence in Nigeria’s North, Witness Says. (VOA, 27 September 2021).
van der Linden, M. (2016a). “Chapter 1: New Imperialism: Imperium, Dominium, and Responsibility under International Law". In The Acquisition of Africa (1870–1914) Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004321199_002
van der Linden, M. (2016b). " Chapter 5: British Nigeria". In The Acquisition of Africa (1870–1914). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004321199_006
Williams, O.A. (2019). Billions Worth of Private Jets, Superyachts, and Mansions have been Bought with Corrupt Wealth. (Forbes, 24 October 2019).
Published
2024-02-04
How to Cite
NWAUKWA, N. (2024). A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY BRITISH AND FRENCH COLONIAL SYSTEM AND ITS EFFECT ON WEST AFRICA. GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 7(01), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10616024
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