UTILIZATION OF EXOPHYTIC AND ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI IN CONTROLLING ANTHRACNOSE DISEASE IN CHILI PEPPERS (Capsicum frutescens L.)
Abstract
Anthracnose disease in cayenne pepper fruit is a very dangerous and detrimental disease for farmers in Bali Province. The results showed that the dominant exophytic fungus was Aspergillus niger in stems, fruits and leaves at 80%, 80% and 73.3%, respectively. The dominant endophytic fungus in stems, fruits and leaves was in the stems of Rhizopus sp., in the fruits of A. flavus and A. niger at 44.4%, 44.4% and 55.6%, respectively. The highest inhibitory power of exophytic fungi against pathogens (Colletotrichum capsici) was greatest from isolates of A. niger and Neurospora sp. at 80±0.4% and 80±0.3% respectively from leaves, while the highest inhibitory power of endophytic fungi from isolates of A. flavus and Rhizopus sp. at 80±0.6% respectively, which came from chili stems. The diversity index of exophytic fungi in stems, fruits and leaves is relatively small (<1) with less stable criteria with a fairly large dominance index (>0.5) this means that there is a dominant species, namely A. niger. The diversity index of endophytic fungi in stems, fruits and leaves ranges from 1.21-1.8 (quite stable) with a fairly large dominance index (>0.5) which is dominated by Rhizopus sp. in stems, while in fruits and leaves by A. niger. The best in vivo inhibition power was obtained from A. niger with an attack percentage of 0% (the same as the control without pathogens), followed by A. niger at 12.47±4.47%.
Downloads
References
Badan Statistik Provinsi Bali. (2025). Produksi Cabe Provinsi Bali Menurut Kabupaten/Kota (Ton), 2022–2024. Denpasar, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali.
TNAU Agritech Portal. (2014). Anthracnose: Colletotrichum capsici. In Post-Harvest Diseases of Vegetables: Chilli. Crop Protection.
Kiran, R., Akhtar, J., Kumar, P., & Shekhar, M. (2020). Anthracnose of chilli: Status, diagnosis, and management. Open Access Peer-Reviewed Chapter.
Sudarma, I. M., Darmiati, N. N., & Suniti, N. W. (2021). Utilization of exophytic and endophytic fungi to control banana fruit rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 14(10), 18–25.
Sudarma, I. M., & Darmiati, N. N. (2024). Aspergillus niger, Neurospora sp. and Rhizopus sp. as antagonistic fungi in inhibiting the growth of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (srikaya fruit rot pathogen). GPH-International Journal of Agriculture and Research, 7(3), 1–8.
White, J. F., Kingsley, K. L., Zhang, Q., Verma, R., Obi, N., Dvinskikh, S., Elmore, M. T., Verma, S. K., Gond, S. K., & Kowalski, K. P. (2019). Endophytic microbes and their potential applications in crop management. Pest Management Science, 75(10), 2558–2565.
Samson, R. A., Hoekstra, E. S., & Van Oorschot, C. A. N. (1981). Introduction to Food-Borne Fungi. Netherlands: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
Pitt, J. I., & Hocking, A. D. (1997). Fungi and Food Spoilage (2nd ed.). London: Blackie Academic and Professional.
Barnett, H. L., & Hunter, B. B. (1998). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. St. Paul, MN: APS Press.
Indrawati, G., Samson, R. A., Van den Tweel-Vermeulen, K., Oetari, A., & Santoso, I. (1999). Pengenalan Kapang Tropik Umum. Depok, Indonesia: Yayasan Obor Indonesia and Universitas Indonesia Culture Collection.
Miyadoh, S. (1997). Atlas of Actinomycetes. Tokyo, Japan: Asakura Publishing Co. Ltd.
Dolar, F. S. (2001). Antagonistic effect of Aspergillus melleus Yukawa on soilborne pathogens of chickpea. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 167–170.
Mojica-Marin, V., Luna-Olvera, H. A., Sandoval-Coronado, C. F., Pereyra-Alférez, B., Morales-Ramos, H. L., Hernández-Luna, C. E., & Alvarado-Gómez, G. O. (2008). Antagonistic activity of selected strains of Bacillus thuringiensis against Rhizoctonia solani of chili pepper. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(9), 1271–1276.
Odum, E. P. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
Pirzan, A. M., & Pong-Masak, P. R. (2008). Hubungan keragaman fitoplankton dengan kualitas air di Pulau Bauluang, Kabupaten Takalar, Sulawesi Selatan. Biodiversitas, 9(3), 217–221.
Ferianita-Fachrul, M., Haeruman, H., & Sitepu, L. C. (2005). Komunitas Fitoplankton Sebagai Bio-Indikator Kualitas Perairan Teluk Jakarta. Depok, Indonesia: FMIPA Universitas Indonesia.
Tauruslina, E., Trizelia, Yaherwandi, & Hasmiandy, H. (2015). Analisis keanekaragaman hayati musuh alami pada ekosistem sawah di daerah endemik dan non-endemik wereng batang cokelat (Nilaparvata lugens) di Sumatera Barat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 1(3), 581–589.
Rad, J. E., Manthey, M., & Mataji, A. (2009). Comparison of plant species diversity among different plant communities in deciduous forests. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 6(3), 389–394.
Alsubale, S., Bokhari, F., & Najjar, A. (2023). Diversity of endophytic and exophytic fungi isolated from Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don leaves in Saudi Arabia. AGBIR, 39(3), 572–577.
Sudarma, I. M., Suniti, N. W., & Darmiati, N. N. (2019). Exophytic and endophytic fungi with potential as biocontrol agents against Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing fruit rot in sugar apple. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(2), 131–142.
Sudarma, I. M., Darmiati, N. N., & Suniti, N. W. (2021). Control of papaya rot disease using environmentally friendly exophytic and endophytic fungi. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 10(9), 600–612.
Sudarma, I. M., Darmiati, N. N., & Suprapta, D. N. (2024). Use of exophytic fungi in suppressing anthracnose pathogens on rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum L.) in vitro. GPH-International Journal of Agriculture and Research, 7(10), 1–11.
Alsubaie, S., Bokhari, F., Hassoubah, S., & Najjar, A. (2023). Mycotoxins extracted from exophytic and endophytic fungi isolated from Catharanthus roseus and their toxicity effects. Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 14(4), 160–168.
Alsubaie, S., Bokhari, F., & Najjar, A. (2023). Diversity of endophytic and exophytic fungi isolated from Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don leaves in Saudi Arabia. AGBIR, 39(3), 572–577.
Author(s) and co-author(s) jointly and severally represent and warrant that the Article is original with the author(s) and does not infringe any copyright or violate any other right of any third parties, and that the Article has not been published elsewhere. Author(s) agree to the terms that the GPH Journal will have the full right to remove the published article on any misconduct found in the published article.
