GPH-International Journal of Agriculture and Research

EFFECT OF LIQUID SMOKE APPLICATION INTERVAL ON PLANT BINTARO (Carbera manghas) AGAINST MUSHROOM GROWTH CAUSES OF DISEASE IN ANNUAL PLANT SEEDS

Akhyar Roeslan — 2024-07-15

The objective of this study is to identify the most dominant pathogen fungi found in the seed, then to be able to analyze the level of effectiveness of bintaro plant liquid smoke, against plants affected by the pathogen fungus, and to analyze the time intervals of application of the liquid fume of binto plant that is most effective in controlling pathogen mushrooms in the sowing. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, and in the planting of PT. Adindo Jaya Borneo for 3 months starting in October - December 2023. The research was carried out using a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments which were repeated 6 times, namely: p0 = without liquid smoke treatment as control; p1 = sprayed with 50 ml/l of liquid smoke once every 1 week; p2 = sprayed with 50 ml/l of liquid smoke once every 2 weeks; and p3 = sprayed with 50 ml/l of liquid smoke once every 3 weeks. The research results show thatthe dominant disease-causing pathogenic fungus found in annual plant nurseries is the fungus Rhizoctonia sp. which causes leaf spot disease;Application of liquid smoke from Bintaro plants has a very significant effect on the intensity of attacks by Rhizoctonia sp leaf spot disease. Application of liquid smoke from bintaro plants is quite effective in suppressing the growth of leaf spot disease by the herbal medicine Rhizoctonia sp. in the nursery and sprayed with 50 ml/l of liquid smoke once every week (p1) resulted in the lowest intensity of leaf spot disease attacks by the fungus Rhizoctonia sp with an average of 31.21%, and with an efficacy level of 27.56%.

ANALYSIS OF SELLING PRICES AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF MUSTARDFARMING TO FARMERS' HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES IN KARANG AMBUN SUBDISTRICT, TANJUNG REDEB DISTRICT, BERAU REGENCY

Herwan Galingging — 2024-07-30

The objectives of this study are to: (1) determine the income of mustard greens farming based on each type of mustard selling price that is formed;(2) analyzing the amount of decent selling price of mustard greens at the farmer level so that farmers can obtain income equivalent to the MSE (Regency Minimum Wage) standard and per capita consumption expenditure of Berau Regency residents (PKRT);(3) knowing the feasibility level of mustard farming and the break-even point of mustard farming; (4) knowing the amount of the selling price of mustard greens that are feasible at the farmer level in Karang Ambun Village, Tanjung Redeb District; and (5) to find out the amount of contribution of mustard greens to farmers' household expenses based on each type of mustard selling price. This research was conducted from December 2021 to February 2022 which was located in Karang Ambun Village, Tanjung Redeb District. The determination of the location of this research was carried out deliberately (purposive) based on the consideration that this village is one of the agricultural areas that is developing mustard farming in Berau Regency. Data collection for this study was carried out by interviewing all farmers with questionnaire aids. The total population in this study is 30 respondents. The results of the research show that the average total revenue and income of mustard greens farming at the study location is IDR 6,953,126 planting season^-1 and IDR 5,818,614.80. The average selling price of mustard greens based on the actual selling price, MSE and per capita expenditure of farmer households is respectively IDR 4,466.67 bundle^-1, IDR 4,481.39 bundle^-1 and IDR 8,614.78 bundle^-1. Only the selling price of mustard greens based on PKRT can meet the per capita consumption expenditure of farmer households which have an average household member of 3.93. The value of BEP price and BEPproduction is IDR 728,806 bundle^-1 and 253.99 bundle planting season^-1. The average value of R/C and B/C Ratio is 6.12 and 5.21. The contribution of the per capita income of mustard greens farmers to the monthly per capita expenditure of farmer households is 131%.

NIGELLA SATIVA AS A POTENT NATURAL ADDITIVE IN AQUACULTURE: ENHANCING GROWTH, IMMUNITY, AND SUSTAINABILITY

Fittrie Meyllianawaty Pratiwy — 2024-08-12

Aquaculture is a rapidly growing sector that plays a crucial role in global food security by providing protein-rich food sources. However, the industry faces several challenges, including disease outbreaks, environmental degradation, and the over-reliance on synthetic chemicals and antibiotics. These issues have driven the search for sustainable and natural alternatives that can enhance fish health, improve growth performance, and ensure the sustainability of aquaculture practices. Nigella sativa, commonly known as black cumin, has emerged as a promising natural additive in aquaculture due to its rich bioactive compounds, such as thymoquinone, essential oils, alkaloids, and saponins. These compounds exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects, making Nigella sativa an attractive candidate for improving fish growth, immunity, and disease resistance. This review explores the biochemical composition and pharmacological properties of Nigella sativa, its effects on growth performance and feed conversion ratios in various fish species, and its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Comparative analyses with other herbal additives such as garlic, turmeric, and ginger highlight Nigella sativa's superior effectiveness in promoting fish health and enhancing aquaculture sustainability. The findings suggest that Nigella sativa holds significant potential as a natural, effective, and safe alternative to synthetic additives in aquaculture.

Studying Mulch Materials Impacts on Nitraria schoberi L. Physio-morphologic Characteristics

Mohammad Kia - Kianian Golafshani — 2024-09-29

Iran has lots of arid areas which the annual precipitation is low. Therefore, establishment of plants is hard. Therefore, at present study, the effectiveness of biological hydrogel (biological mulch or b), PLANTBAC vegetation layer (Pb), sand (sa), and barley straw (st) with rain harvesting techniques in micro-catchment scale (inter-row system) on plant characteristics of Nitraria schoberi including establishment rate, fresh and dry biomass, etc. was tested. According to the results, plant height was significantly higher in the sand treatment than in other treatments. The dry yield of aerial parts indicated that all treatments showed a significant difference from the control. Leaf dry and fresh weight showed that both PLANTBAC treatment and sand were significantly more than the control. Root fresh and dry weight was significantly higher than the control on all four mulch treatments. According to the results, there is no significant difference between the environment (non-micro-catchment and micro-catchment) and the different treatments, so, we can propose each treatment by considering its price for the region. it can be concluded that some treatments had more effect on plant traits than the others, because of better absorbing adequate moisture and preparing nutrients for plants. Hence, they can be proposed for the region. Thus, concerning the effectiveness of present mulches on a variety of plant properties, the price of each, availability, and condition of the area, they can be used to establish plants in desert areas and restore these areas by controlling dust and dunes movement, soil erosion, etc.

Effect of Ecosystem Type and Harvesting Time on Morphological Indicators and Biochemical Characteristics of Thymus kotschyanus in Iran

F. Bahadori — 2024-09-29

In natural and agricultural ecosystems, factors such as humidity, water, nutrients, light and altitude are among the basic factors that determine the quantity and quality of plants. Thyme is one of the most important medicinal plants from the mint family (Lamiaceae). The current research was carried out based on the split plot design in the form of randomized complete blocks and in 3 replications at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Semnan province. The treatments included two types of natural and agricultural ecosystems and two harvesting times before flowering and full flowering which had their effect on the morphological indicators, biochemical characteristics and the quantity and quality of the essential oil of the medicinal plant of mountain thyme (Thymus kotschyanus) was investigated. According to the results obtained from this experiment, it was found that the effect of different ecosystems and different harvest times on the tested factors are statistically significant at 1% and 5% levels. All biochemical characteristics including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll T, carotenoid, anthocyanin and flavonoid showed higher levels in the natural ecosystem, except for chlorophyll a/b, which was higher in the agricultural ecosystem, and most of the biochemical characteristics during Flowering was more except for chlorophyll a/b, anthocyanin and flavonoid which were more flowering at the earlier time. All the morphological indicators, including fresh and dry weight of the whole plant, height of aerial and underground organs, large and small diameter of the plant, plant circumference and dry yield per hectare at the time of full flowering and in the agricultural ecosystem, were more except the fresh weight of leaves and leaf area which They were more in the natural ecosystem. Also, the percentage of essential oil was the highest at the time of full flowering and in the agricultural ecosystem, but the essential oil compounds showed a higher percentage at the time of full flowering and in the natural ecosystem. But the amount of total phenol was not affected by the test treatments and no significant difference was observed between the obtained results.