PERSONALITY TRAITS AND TOURISM-PRENEURSHIP TENDENCY OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT UNDERGRADUATES
Keywords:
Personality Trait, Tourism-preneurship, Openness to Experience, Extraversion, Emotional stability
Abstract
This paper examined the relationship between the big five personality traits and tourism-preneurship tendency of undergraduate students of hospitality and tourism management, University of Port Harcourt. The study used a structured questionnaire. Multiple regressions analysis that allows for exploration of the interrelationship among sets of variables were adopted for the analysis of data collected. The researchers carefully screen the data in terms of missing values, influential outliers, normality, and multicollinearity using statistical package for social science (SPSS) software version 23 before proceeding with the analysis. The result shows that there is a positive and significant correlation between the five dimensions of personality traits and tourism-prenueuriship tendency (TPI) in respect to hospitality and tourism management undergraduate students, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria except for openness to experiences. The result further validates the proposed big-five personality traits and tourism-preneurship tendency model for hospitality and tourism management undergraduate students of the University of Port Harcourt. It also confirms contentiousness as making the strongest unique contribution to tourism-preneurship tendency of hospitality and tourism management undergraduate students, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria. This study contributed to the body of knowledge in the tourism domain by authenticating the usage of the big five personality traits for predicting tourism-entrepreneurship tendency of hospitality and tourism management students in an emerging economy. Overall, this research contributes to knowledge of university student’s personality traits and their relations with tourism-entrepreneurship intention. It fills the gap of limited empirical studies on entrepreneurship and tourism management in emerging economies.
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References
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Antoncic, B., Bratkovic, T. K., Singh, G., and DeNoble, A. F. (2015). The Big Five Personality–Entrepreneurship Relationship: Evidence from Slovenia. Journal of Small Business Management, 53,(3), 819–841 .
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychology Review, 84, 191–215.
Bardolet, E., and Sheldon, P. (2008). Tourism in archipelagos: Hawaii and the Balearics. Annals of Tourism Research, 35, (4), 900-923.
Barge, A. (2014). Expatriate performance in Overseas Assignments: The Role of Big Five Personality. Asian Social Science, 6, (9), 104-109.
Baron, R. A. (2007). Behavioral and cognitive factors in entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1, 167-182.
Baron, R. A. (2007). Behavioral and Cognitive Factors in Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs as the Active Element in New Venture Creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1, 167–182.
Barrick, M. R., and Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., and Judge, T. A. (2001). The FFM Personality Dimensions and Job-Performance: Meta-Analysis of MetaAnalyses. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 9–30.
Beer, A., & Brooks, C. (2011). Information quality in personality judgment: The value of personal disclosure. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, (2), 175-185.
Bosma, N. (2012). GEM Manual: A report on the design, data and quality control of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. London: GERA.
Brandstetter, H. (1997). Becoming an entrepreneur– a question of personality structure? Journal of Economic Psychology, 18, 157-177.
Brice, J. (2004). The Roleof Personality Dimensions onthe Formation of Entrepreneurial Intentions. NY, USA: Hofstra University: New York.
Choo, Y and Wong, U. (2009). Entrepreneurial intention: Triggers and barriers to new venture creation in Singapore. Singapore Management Review, 28, (2), 10-16.
Costa, P. T., Jr., and McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: PAR.
Crage, H. (2013). Work Environment Factors and Job Performance: The Construction Project Manager’sPerspective. Retrieved from Degree Thesis, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia: eprints.usm.my/16071/1/Arman_Abdul_Razak.pdf.
Dabrowski, C.J. (2008). The Big Five Personality Traits and Individual Job Performance Growth Trajectories in Maintenance and Transitional Job Stages. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, (5),835–853.
Davidsson, P. and Wiklund, J. (2001). Levels of analysis in entrepreneurship research: Current research practice and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25, (4), 81-100.
Goldberg, I. R. (1990). An Alternate description of personality: The big five factor structure. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and Individual Differences: The Search for Universals in Personality Lexicons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 141–165.
Golpayegan, M. (2017). Evaluating the relation between personality properties with job satisfaction of the staff. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6, (3), 937-949.
Hisrich, D. R, Langan-Fox, J., and Grant, S. (2007). Entreprenuership research and practice: A call to action for psychology. American Psychologist, 62, (6), 575-589.
Hmieleski, K.M. and Corbett, A.C. (2006). Proclivity for improvisation as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions . Journal of Small Business Management, 44,(1),45-63.
Holloway, C., Humphreys, C., & Davidson, R. (2009). The Business of Tourism. 8th Edition . Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Holmgren, C and From, J. (2005). Taylorism of the mind: Entrepreneurship education from a perspective of eductional research. European educational research journal, 4, (4), 382-390.
Howard, P. J., and Howard, J. M . (1995). The Big Five quickstart: An introduction to the five factor model of personality for human resource professionals. Charlotte, NC : Center for Applied Cognitive Studies.
John, O. P. (1990). The “big five” factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin, Handbook of Personality (pp. 66-100). New York: Guilford Press.
John, O.P., Naumann, L.P., and Soto, C.J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O.P. John, R.W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin, Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 3rd ed (pp. 114-158). New York: Guilford Press.
Khan, K. (2013). Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Intentions. A case of Kabul based business students, Afghanistan. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 5, (1), 184-197.
Kothari, C. (1990). New Age Research Methodology; Methods and Techniques (2nd Ed). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited.
Leong, C.K. (2008). Entrepreneurial intention: An empirical study among Open University Malaysia students: Dessertation. Malaysia: Open University Malaysia Center for Graduate Studies.
Liao, C. S. and Lee, C. W. (2009). An Empirical Study of employee Job Involvement and Personality Traits: The Case of Taiwan. International Journal of Economics and Management, 3, (1), 22-36.
Licht, A. N., and Siegel, J. I. (2006). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In M. Casson , B. Yeung, A. Basu, & N. Wadeson, The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship. Eds (pp. 511–539). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Liñán, F., and Chen, Y.W. (2009). Development and cross–cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33, (3): 593-617.
Locke, E., and Baum, R. (2007). Entrepreneurial motivation. In J. Baum , M. Frese , & R, Baron, The Psychology of Entrepreneurship (pp. 41-65 ). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Luthans, F., and Ibrayeva, E.S. (2006). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy in central Asian transition economies: Quantitative and qualitative analyses. Journal of International Business Study, 37, 92–110.
Major, D.A.; Turner, J.E. and Fletcher, T.D. (2006). Linking proactive personality and the Big Five to motivation to learn and development activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 927–935.
Mei, H., Zicheng, M., Shiwen, J., Xiaoyu, C., Xinyue, L., & Zehui, Z. (2017). The Sustainable Personality in Entrepreneurship: The Relationship between Big Six Personality, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Intention in the Chinese Context. Sustainalilty, 9, 1-23.
Méndez-Picazo, M,T., Galindo-Martín, M, A., and Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2012). Governance, entrepreneurship and economic growth. Entrep. Reg. Development, 24, 865–877.
Naido, V. (2007). Research on the Flow of International students to UK Universities: Determinants and Implications. Journal of Research in International Education, 6, (3) 287-307.
Nosheena et al. (2019). Impact of Personality Traits On Entrepreneurial Intention and Demographic Factors as Moderator. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23, (1),1-20.
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Dilchert, S. (2005). Personality at work: Raising awareness and correcting misconceptions. Cited in Noraini binti et al (2015) Association between Personality Traits and Job Performance among Secondary School Teachers . International Academic Research Journal of Social Science, 1, (2), 1-6.
Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS. McGraw-Hill International.
Pandey, N.S. and Kavitha, M. (2015). Relationship between Teachers’ Personality Traits and Self Efficacy: An Empirical Analysis of School Teacher in Karaikal Region. Pacific Business Review International, 8, (3),37-42.
Pech, R. J., and Cameron, C. (2006). An Entrepreneurial Decision Process Model Describing Opportunity Recognition. European Journal of Innovation Management, 9, (1), 61–78.
Peterson, E.R., and Whiteman, M.C. (2007). “I think I can, I think I can ... ”: The interrelationships among self-assessed intelligence, self-concept, self-efficacy and the personality trait intellect in university students in Scotland and New Zealand. Personality Individidual Difference, 43, 959–968.
Pillis, E and Reardon, K. K. (2007). The influence of personality traits and persuasive messages on entrepreneurial intention: A cross-cultural comparison. Career Development International, 12, (4), 382-396.
Pruett, M. (2012). Entrepreneurship education: Workshops and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Education for Business, 87, 94-101.
Rauch, A., and Frese, M. (2007). Born to Be an Entrepreneur? Revisiting the Personality Approach to Entrepreneurship. In J. R. Baum, M. Frese , & R. A. Baron, The Psychology of Entrepreneurship (pp. 41–65). Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Ridha, R.N. and Wahyu, B.P. (2017). Entrepreneurship intention in agricultural sector of young generation in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11, (1),76-89.
Roberts, A., Chou, P., and Ching, A. (2010). Contemporary Trend in East Asia Higher Education: Disposition of International Students in Taiwan Universities. Higher Education, 59, 149-166.
Ryckman, R. M. (2004). Theories of personality (8th ed.) Cited in Noraini binti et al (2015) Association between Personality Traits and Job Performance among Secondary School Teachers. International Academic Research Journal of Social Science, 1, (2), 1-6.
Ryckman, R. M. (2000). Theories of Personality, 7th ed. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus . Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Singh, G., and De Noble, A. F . (2003). Views on Self-Employment and Personality: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 8, (3), 265–281.
Smallbone, D., and Welter, F. (2012). Entrepreneurship and institutional change in transition economies: The Commonwealth of Independent States, Central and Eastern Europe and China compared. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24, (3-4), 21.
Sun, Y., and Zhang, X.K. (2014). The path model of the relationship of personality traits, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention among college students. Student Psychology Behaviour, 12, 806–812.
Thomas, A. S., and Mueller, S. L. (2000). A Case for Comparative Entrepreneurship: Assessing the Relevance of Culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31, (2), 287-301.
Thompson, E. R. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric . Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice , 33, (3), 669–694.
Tong, X. F., Tong, D. Y., and Loy, L. C. (2011). Factors influencing Entrepreneurial Intention among University Students. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Study, 3, (1), 487-496
Van Praag, C., and Ophem, H. (1995). Determinants of willingness and opportunity to start as an entrepreneur. Kyklos, 48: 513-540.
Wall, G., and Mathiesom, A. (2006). Tourism: Change, Impacts and Opportunities. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Wang, J.H., Chang, C.C., Yao, S.N., and Liang, C. (2016). The contribution of self-efficacy to the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial intention. Higher Education, 72, 1–16.
Xu, Y., and Guo, F.C . ( 2015). The relationship among Entrepreneurial stress, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention of Higher Vocational College Students. Res. Higher Educ. Eng., 2, 164–168.
Zahari, N. A. (2016). Personality traits and differences of generations: Do they affect the public servants’ job performance? Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship, 2, (4), 20-30.
Zhao, H., and Seibert, S. E. (2006). The Big Five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91,(2), 259-271.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., and Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36, (2), 381–404.
Akinboye, A.K. and Soaib, A. (2016). Factors affecting entrepreneurial self-efficacy of engineering students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6, (11), 12-17.
Alvarez, S. A., and Barney, J. B . (2007). Discovery and Creation: Alternative Theories of Entrepreneurial Action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1, 11–26.
Antoncic, B., Bratkovic, T. K., Singh, G., and DeNoble, A. F. (2015). The Big Five Personality–Entrepreneurship Relationship: Evidence from Slovenia. Journal of Small Business Management, 53,(3), 819–841 .
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychology Review, 84, 191–215.
Bardolet, E., and Sheldon, P. (2008). Tourism in archipelagos: Hawaii and the Balearics. Annals of Tourism Research, 35, (4), 900-923.
Barge, A. (2014). Expatriate performance in Overseas Assignments: The Role of Big Five Personality. Asian Social Science, 6, (9), 104-109.
Baron, R. A. (2007). Behavioral and cognitive factors in entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1, 167-182.
Baron, R. A. (2007). Behavioral and Cognitive Factors in Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs as the Active Element in New Venture Creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1, 167–182.
Barrick, M. R., and Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., and Judge, T. A. (2001). The FFM Personality Dimensions and Job-Performance: Meta-Analysis of MetaAnalyses. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 9–30.
Beer, A., & Brooks, C. (2011). Information quality in personality judgment: The value of personal disclosure. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, (2), 175-185.
Bosma, N. (2012). GEM Manual: A report on the design, data and quality control of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. London: GERA.
Brandstetter, H. (1997). Becoming an entrepreneur– a question of personality structure? Journal of Economic Psychology, 18, 157-177.
Brice, J. (2004). The Roleof Personality Dimensions onthe Formation of Entrepreneurial Intentions. NY, USA: Hofstra University: New York.
Choo, Y and Wong, U. (2009). Entrepreneurial intention: Triggers and barriers to new venture creation in Singapore. Singapore Management Review, 28, (2), 10-16.
Costa, P. T., Jr., and McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: PAR.
Crage, H. (2013). Work Environment Factors and Job Performance: The Construction Project Manager’sPerspective. Retrieved from Degree Thesis, UniversitiSains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia: eprints.usm.my/16071/1/Arman_Abdul_Razak.pdf.
Dabrowski, C.J. (2008). The Big Five Personality Traits and Individual Job Performance Growth Trajectories in Maintenance and Transitional Job Stages. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, (5),835–853.
Davidsson, P. and Wiklund, J. (2001). Levels of analysis in entrepreneurship research: Current research practice and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25, (4), 81-100.
Goldberg, I. R. (1990). An Alternate description of personality: The big five factor structure. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and Individual Differences: The Search for Universals in Personality Lexicons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 141–165.
Golpayegan, M. (2017). Evaluating the relation between personality properties with job satisfaction of the staff. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6, (3), 937-949.
Hisrich, D. R, Langan-Fox, J., and Grant, S. (2007). Entreprenuership research and practice: A call to action for psychology. American Psychologist, 62, (6), 575-589.
Hmieleski, K.M. and Corbett, A.C. (2006). Proclivity for improvisation as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions . Journal of Small Business Management, 44,(1),45-63.
Holloway, C., Humphreys, C., & Davidson, R. (2009). The Business of Tourism. 8th Edition . Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Holmgren, C and From, J. (2005). Taylorism of the mind: Entrepreneurship education from a perspective of eductional research. European educational research journal, 4, (4), 382-390.
Howard, P. J., and Howard, J. M . (1995). The Big Five quickstart: An introduction to the five factor model of personality for human resource professionals. Charlotte, NC : Center for Applied Cognitive Studies.
John, O. P. (1990). The “big five” factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin, Handbook of Personality (pp. 66-100). New York: Guilford Press.
John, O.P., Naumann, L.P., and Soto, C.J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O.P. John, R.W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin, Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 3rd ed (pp. 114-158). New York: Guilford Press.
Khan, K. (2013). Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Intentions. A case of Kabul based business students, Afghanistan. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 5, (1), 184-197.
Kothari, C. (1990). New Age Research Methodology; Methods and Techniques (2nd Ed). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited.
Leong, C.K. (2008). Entrepreneurial intention: An empirical study among Open University Malaysia students: Dessertation. Malaysia: Open University Malaysia Center for Graduate Studies.
Liao, C. S. and Lee, C. W. (2009). An Empirical Study of employee Job Involvement and Personality Traits: The Case of Taiwan. International Journal of Economics and Management, 3, (1), 22-36.
Licht, A. N., and Siegel, J. I. (2006). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In M. Casson , B. Yeung, A. Basu, & N. Wadeson, The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship. Eds (pp. 511–539). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Liñán, F., and Chen, Y.W. (2009). Development and cross–cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33, (3): 593-617.
Locke, E., and Baum, R. (2007). Entrepreneurial motivation. In J. Baum , M. Frese , & R, Baron, The Psychology of Entrepreneurship (pp. 41-65 ). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Luthans, F., and Ibrayeva, E.S. (2006). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy in central Asian transition economies: Quantitative and qualitative analyses. Journal of International Business Study, 37, 92–110.
Major, D.A.; Turner, J.E. and Fletcher, T.D. (2006). Linking proactive personality and the Big Five to motivation to learn and development activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 927–935.
Mei, H., Zicheng, M., Shiwen, J., Xiaoyu, C., Xinyue, L., & Zehui, Z. (2017). The Sustainable Personality in Entrepreneurship: The Relationship between Big Six Personality, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Intention in the Chinese Context. Sustainalilty, 9, 1-23.
Méndez-Picazo, M,T., Galindo-Martín, M, A., and Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2012). Governance, entrepreneurship and economic growth. Entrep. Reg. Development, 24, 865–877.
Naido, V. (2007). Research on the Flow of International students to UK Universities: Determinants and Implications. Journal of Research in International Education, 6, (3) 287-307.
Nosheena et al. (2019). Impact of Personality Traits On Entrepreneurial Intention and Demographic Factors as Moderator. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23, (1),1-20.
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Dilchert, S. (2005). Personality at work: Raising awareness and correcting misconceptions. Cited in Noraini binti et al (2015) Association between Personality Traits and Job Performance among Secondary School Teachers . International Academic Research Journal of Social Science, 1, (2), 1-6.
Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS. McGraw-Hill International.
Pandey, N.S. and Kavitha, M. (2015). Relationship between Teachers’ Personality Traits and Self Efficacy: An Empirical Analysis of School Teacher in Karaikal Region. Pacific Business Review International, 8, (3),37-42.
Pech, R. J., and Cameron, C. (2006). An Entrepreneurial Decision Process Model Describing Opportunity Recognition. European Journal of Innovation Management, 9, (1), 61–78.
Peterson, E.R., and Whiteman, M.C. (2007). “I think I can, I think I can ... ”: The interrelationships among self-assessed intelligence, self-concept, self-efficacy and the personality trait intellect in university students in Scotland and New Zealand. Personality Individidual Difference, 43, 959–968.
Pillis, E and Reardon, K. K. (2007). The influence of personality traits and persuasive messages on entrepreneurial intention: A cross-cultural comparison. Career Development International, 12, (4), 382-396.
Pruett, M. (2012). Entrepreneurship education: Workshops and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Education for Business, 87, 94-101.
Rauch, A., and Frese, M. (2007). Born to Be an Entrepreneur? Revisiting the Personality Approach to Entrepreneurship. In J. R. Baum, M. Frese , & R. A. Baron, The Psychology of Entrepreneurship (pp. 41–65). Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Ridha, R.N. and Wahyu, B.P. (2017). Entrepreneurship intention in agricultural sector of young generation in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11, (1),76-89.
Roberts, A., Chou, P., and Ching, A. (2010). Contemporary Trend in East Asia Higher Education: Disposition of International Students in Taiwan Universities. Higher Education, 59, 149-166.
Ryckman, R. M. (2004). Theories of personality (8th ed.) Cited in Noraini binti et al (2015) Association between Personality Traits and Job Performance among Secondary School Teachers. International Academic Research Journal of Social Science, 1, (2), 1-6.
Ryckman, R. M. (2000). Theories of Personality, 7th ed. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus . Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Singh, G., and De Noble, A. F . (2003). Views on Self-Employment and Personality: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 8, (3), 265–281.
Smallbone, D., and Welter, F. (2012). Entrepreneurship and institutional change in transition economies: The Commonwealth of Independent States, Central and Eastern Europe and China compared. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24, (3-4), 21.
Sun, Y., and Zhang, X.K. (2014). The path model of the relationship of personality traits, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention among college students. Student Psychology Behaviour, 12, 806–812.
Thomas, A. S., and Mueller, S. L. (2000). A Case for Comparative Entrepreneurship: Assessing the Relevance of Culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31, (2), 287-301.
Thompson, E. R. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric . Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice , 33, (3), 669–694.
Tong, X. F., Tong, D. Y., and Loy, L. C. (2011). Factors influencing Entrepreneurial Intention among University Students. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Study, 3, (1), 487-496
Van Praag, C., and Ophem, H. (1995). Determinants of willingness and opportunity to start as an entrepreneur. Kyklos, 48: 513-540.
Wall, G., and Mathiesom, A. (2006). Tourism: Change, Impacts and Opportunities. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Wang, J.H., Chang, C.C., Yao, S.N., and Liang, C. (2016). The contribution of self-efficacy to the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial intention. Higher Education, 72, 1–16.
Xu, Y., and Guo, F.C . ( 2015). The relationship among Entrepreneurial stress, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention of Higher Vocational College Students. Res. Higher Educ. Eng., 2, 164–168.
Zahari, N. A. (2016). Personality traits and differences of generations: Do they affect the public servants’ job performance? Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship, 2, (4), 20-30.
Zhao, H., and Seibert, S. E. (2006). The Big Five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91,(2), 259-271.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., and Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36, (2), 381–404.
Published
2021-01-25
How to Cite
Ojo BELLO, Y., & Chukwunwem UBOEGBULAM, G. (2021). PERSONALITY TRAITS AND TOURISM-PRENEURSHIP TENDENCY OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT UNDERGRADUATES. GPH-International Journal of Business Management, 4(03), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6989322
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