ASSESSMENT OF THE FACTORS DETERMINING THE PRACTICES OF MAMMOGRAPHIC SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER AMONG CHILD-BEARING WOMEN IN OKEHI LGA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
Keywords:
Breast Cancer, Mammographic Screening, Practices, Determining Factors, Child Bearing, Women, Nigeria.
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women with over one million new cases diagnosed annually which results in over 400,000 deaths annually. In Nigeria, cases of breast cancer are one of the most common life-threatening diseases that is increasing in incidence. This cross-sectional descriptive survey examined the factors determining the practice of mammographic screening for breast cancer among child-bearing women attending Obangede General Hospital in Okehi Local Government Area. Questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were the statistical tools used for analysis. The descriptive statistics involved the use of frequency and simple percentages while the inferential statistics involved the use of Regression and Kendalls tau-b which shows the direction and strength of relationship between the tested variables as well as the significant test. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested for this study. The result showed a moderate but positive relationship between cost of mammography services and its utilization as well as availability and accessibility of mammography screening in Okehi Local Government Area, Kogi State. The study demonstrated that mammography screening can identify early-stage cancer of the breast cases because respondents highly agreed and disagreed with this conclusion at rates of 40.1% and 22.9% respectively. The main deterrents to mammography screening were fear of radiation, screening costs, and lack of awareness of available facilities and obtained responses of 27.5%, 21.2%, and 20.3% respectively of the sampled respondents. The study also found that, hormone replacement therapy (43.7%) and oral contraceptive (24.8%) were the major risk factors that can easily trigger cases of breast cancer; the study also found that, there are largely lack of awareness on breast cancer screening procedure. The study therefore concluded that, hormone replacement therapy and oral conceptive; as well as lack of awareness on breast cancer screening especially at its early stage constitutes the major risk factors that easily trigger cases of breast cancer in Okehi Local Government Area. The study therefore recommends orientation and reorientation of women against the danger of hormone replacement therapy; increase public education and awareness campaign on cases of breast cancer screening procedure among others in Okehi Local Government Area of Kogi state, Nigeria.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abimbola, O. O & Oladepo, O. (2006). Knowledge of cancer of the breast and its early detection measures among rural women in Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Cancer 6:271.
Abulkhair, O.A, Al Tahan FM, Young SE, Musaad SM, &Jazieh AR (2010). The first national public cancer of the breast screening program in Saudi Arabia. Ann. Saudi Med. 30(5):350-357.
Adebamowo, C. A, Ajayi, O. O. (1999). Cancer of the breast in Nigeria. West Afr. J. Med.
19(3):179-191.
Adeniji, K.A (1999). Pathological Appraisal of Carcinoma of the female breast in Ilorin, Nigeria. Niger. Postgrad. Med. J. 6:56-59.
Agboola, A. O. J, Deji-Agboola, A. M, Oritogun, K. S, Musa, A. A, Oyebadejo, T. Y, Ayoade, B. A. (2009). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast Self- Examination in Female Health Workers in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria. Int. Med. J. 8(1):5-10..
Ahuja, S & Chakrabarti, N. (2010). To determine the level of knowledge regarding breast cancer
and to increase awareness about cancer of the breast screening practices among a
group of women in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India. Internet J. Public Health.
1(1), 44-60.
Ajayi, I. O, Onibokun , A. C, Soyannwo, O. A. (2013). Breast and Cervical Cancers Awareness and Screening Practices among Rural Women in Ona-ara Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 16(2):95-99.
Akarolo-Anthon, S.N, Ogundiran, T.O &Adebamowo CA (2010) Emerging cancer of the breast epidemic: evidence from Africa. Cancer of the breast Res. 12 Suppl 4:S8.
Akhigbe, A. & Akhigbe K. ( 2012). Effects of health belief and cancer fatalism on the practice of cancer of the breast screening among Nigerian Women, viewed January 2013,from www.intechopen.co/books/mammography-recent-advances/effects-of-health-belief-and-cancer-fatalism-on-the-practice-of- breast-cancer-screening-among-Nigeria.
Akhigbe, A. O, & Omuemu, V. O. (2009). Knowledge, attitude and practices of breast cancer screening among female health workers in a Nigerian Urban City. BMC Cancer 9:203-206.
Akpinar, Y. Y., Baykan Z., Naçar, M., Gün, I. & Çetinkaya, F. (2011). Knowledge, attitude about
cancer of the breast and practice among female health care professionals: A study from Turkey, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 12(11), 30633068.
Akpo E. E, Akpo, M. O, Akhator, A. (2010). Cancer of the breast knowledge and screening
practices among Nigerian medical students. Internet J. Health 11(2):6-9.
Alberg, A.J. Epidemiology, prevention, and early detection of cancer of the breast. Current
Opinion in Oncology 11:435441
Al-Dubai, S. A., Qureshi, A. M., Saif-Ali, R., Ganasegeran, K, Alwan, M. R. & Hadi, J. I., (2011). Awareness and knowledge of cancer of the breast and mammography among a group of Malaysian women. In Shah Alam,Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 12(10), 25312538.
Allam, M. F. & Abd Elaziz, K. M., (2012). Evaluation of the level of knowledge of Egyptian women of cancer of the breast and its risk factors: A cross sectional study. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 53(4), 195198.
Alwan, N. A., Al-Attar, W. M., Eliessa, R. A., Madfaie, Z. A. & Tawfeeq, F. N., (2012). Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding cancer of the breast and breast self-examination among sample of the educated population in Iraq, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 18(4), 337345.
Anderson, B. O, Yip, C. H, Smith, R. A, Shyyan, R., Sener, S. F, Eniu, A., Carlson, R. W, Azavedo E, Harford, J. l (2008). Guideline Implementation for breast healthcare in low income and middle income countries: Overview of the Breast. Health Global Initiative Global Summit. Cancer 113(8):2221-2243.
Aniebue, P. N, Aniebue, U. U (2008). Awareness of cancer of the breast and breast self- examination among female secondary school teachers in Enugu metropolis, south-eastern Nigeria. Int. J. Med. Health Dev. 13(2):105-110.
Anyanwu, S. N, Egwuonwu, O. A, Ihekwoaba, E. C, (2011). Acceptance and adherence to
treatment among cancer of the breast patients in Eastern Nigeria. Breast 20(2:),51-3.
Forman, D. (2007). Socio-economic background in relation to stage at diagnosis, treatment
and survival in women with cancer of the breast attitudes and Practices of the
educated and non-educated women to cancer of the breast in semi-urban and rural are
in the south west, Nigeria. Niger. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 13:182-88.
Austoker, J., Bankhead, C, Forbes, L. J, Atkins, L., Martin F, Robb, K., Wardle J, Ramirez, A.J
(2009). Interventions to promote cancer awareness and early presentation: systematic review. Br. J. Cancer 101(2), 31-9.
Azubuike, S. O, Okwuokei, S. O, (2013). Knowledge, attitude and practices of women towards
cancer of the breast in Benin City, Nigeria. Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res. 3(2):155-160.
Balogun, M. O, Owoaje, E. T (2005). Knowledge and practice of breast self- examination among
female traders in Ibadan, Nigeria. Ann. Ibadan Postgrad. Med. 3(2):52-56.
Bassey, R. B, Irurhe, N. K, Olowoyeye, M. A, Adeyomoye, A. A, Onajole, A. T. (2011).
Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination among nursing students in
Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Educ. Res. 2(6):1232-1236.
Bello, T. O, Olugbenga-Bello, A. I, Ogunsola, A. S, Adeoti, M. L, Ojemakinde, O. M.(2011).
Knowledge And practice of cancer of the breastscreeningamong female nurses and lay womeninOsogbo,Nigeria.West AfricanJournal of Medicine. Vol. 30 (4):296-300. Benin City, Nigeria. Ann. Afr. Med. 7:192-197.
Eguvbe, A. O., Akpede, N., Arua, N. E. (2014). Knowledge of Breast Cancer and Need for its Screening Among Female Healthcare Workers in OshimiliSouth Local Government Council Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Afrimedic J.5(1):59-64.
Bray, F., McCarron, P., Parkin, D. M. (2004). The changing global patterns of female cancer of the breastincidence and mortality. Cancer of the breast Res. 2004; 6(6):229-39
Burgess, C. C, Linsel, l. L, Kapari, M, Omar, L., Michel, M., Whelehan, P., Richards, M. A, Ramirez, A.J. (2009).Promoting early presentation of cancer of the breast by older women: A preliminary evaluation of a one-to-one health professional-delivered intervention. J. Psychosomatic Res. 67(5):377-387.
Burns, N. & Grove, S. K., (2005), The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique and utilization, 5th edn, Saunders: Philadelphia.
Carlson, R. W, Allred, D. C, Anderson, B. O, Burstein, H. J, Carter, W. B, Edge, S. B, (2009). Cancer of the breast. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl ComprCancNetw. 7(2):122-92.
Chia, K.S. Population-based cancer survival in Singapore, 1968 to 1992: an overview. International Journal of Cancer 93:142147 2001.
Chioma, .C., Asuzu, S. R. N, (2007). Knowledge, attitude and practice of self-breast examination
among the female students of the University Of Ibadan,Nigeria. In Pakistan Journal of Social Science. 4(3):400-402.
Chlebowski, R. T, Kuller, L. H, Prentice, R. L, Stefanick, M. L, Manson, J. E, Gass, M, (2009).
Cancer of the breast after use of estrogen plus progestin in post- menopausal women. N Engl J Med. 5(6):573-87.
Chong, P. N, Krishnan, M, Hong, C. Y, Swah, T. S. (2002). Knowlegde and practice of cancer of
the breast screening amongst public health nurses. Singapore. Singapore Medical Journal. Vol. 43(10):509-516.
Coughlin, S. S, Ekwueme, D. U. (2009). Community practice in the United States: A cohort
study. Ann. Intern. Community. Sudan J. Med. Sci. 3(2):99-104.
Damiani, G., Federico, B., Basso, D., Ronconi, A., Bianchi, C. B. & Anzelotti, G. M. (2012). Socio-
economic disparities in the uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening in Italy: A cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 12, 99-120
Dey, S., Mishra, A.,Govil, J.,Dhillon, P.K, (2015).Cancer of the breast Awareness at the
Community Level among Women in Delhi, India. India: New Age Publications.
Dow M. K. and Yarbro. C.H., (2007). Cultural Perspectives of International Breast Health and
Cancer of the breast Education. In Journal of Nursing Scholarship. Vol. 39(2), 105112.
Downing, A., Prakash, K., Gilthorpe, M. S, Mikeljevic, J. S, Forman, D., (2007). Socio-economic
background in relation to stage at diagnosis, treatment and survival in women with cancer of the breast. Br. J. Cancer, 96(5):836-40.
Eguvbe, A. O, Akpede, N. & Arua, N. E. (2014). Knowledge of Cancer of the breast and Need for
its Screening Among Female Healthcare Workers in Oshimili South Local
Government Council Area of Delta State, Nigeria. African medical Journal. 5(1):59-64.
Egwuonwu, O. A, Anyanwu, S. N, Nwofor, A. M., (2012). Default from neo-adjuvantchemo
therapy in premenopausal female cancer of the breastpatients:Whatis toblame?In Nigeria Journal of ClinicalPractitioners,15:26-59
Foster, R. S., Hendrick, E., Eyre, H. J, Sener, S. (2003). American Cancer Society Guidelines for
cancer of the breast screening: Update 2003. CA Cancer J. Clin. 53:141-169.
Hadi, M. A., Hassali, M. A., Shafie, A. A. & Awaisu, A., (2010). Evaluation of breast cancer
awareness among female university students in Malaysia, Pharmacy Practice 8(1),
2934.
Harmer, V. (2008). Breast cancer. Part 1: Awareness and commonbenign diseases. Br. J.
Nurs.17(15):950-955.
Hayes DF. Clinical practice. Follow-up of patients with early cancer of the breast. N Engl J Med.
2007;356(24): 2505-13.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2008). Fast Stats. Lyon: International
Agency for Research on Cancer
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/populations/factseet.asp?uno=900#KEY.,
Isara, A. R., & Ojedokun, C. I. (2011). Knowledge of cancer of the breast and practice of breast
self-examination among female senior secondary school students in Abuja, Nigeria. J.
Prev. Med. Hyg. 52:186-190.
Islam, S. R, Aziz, S. M. (2012). Mammography is the most effective method of cancer of the
breast screening. Mymensingh Med. J. 21:366-371.
Jack, R. H., Davies, E. A. & Moller, H. (2009). Cancer of the breast incidence, stage treatment
and survival in ethnic groups in South East England. Br.J. Cancer 100:545-550. Kano teaching hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Niger. J. Basic Clin. Sci. 4 (6), 56-60.
Kanaga, K.C., Nithiya, J. & Shatirah, M. F., (2011). Awareness of cancer of the breast and
screening procedures among Malaysian women, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 12(8), 19651967
Kayode, F. O, Akande, T. M, & Osagbemi, G. K, (2005). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Female Secondary
Khanjani, N., Noori, A. & Rostami, F., (2012). The knowledge and practice of breast cancer
screening among women in Kerman, Iran, Al Ameen Journal of MedicalScience 5(2),
177182.
Khokhar, A., (2009). Level of awareness regarding cancer of the breast and its screening
amongst Indian teachers, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 10(2), 247250.
Korean Cancer of the breast Society. Clinical characteristics of Korean cancer of the breast
patients in 1998. Journal of Korean Medical Science 15:569)579 2000.
Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W., (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities.
Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2 (3), 33-50.
Kreps, G., & Sivaram, R. (2009).Strategic health communication across the continuum of
cancer of the breast care in limited resource countries. Cancer Suppl.113(8), 2331-2337.
KumarM,KashyapVM(2016).Awarenessaboutbreastcanceramong LancetOncol.9(7):683-692.
Lancet, T. (2011).The good news about cancer in developing countries. Lancet
378(9803):1605.
Lehman, C. D., Taplin, S. H, Sickles, E. A. (2011). Comparative effectiveness of
digital versus film- screen mammography in community practice in the United States: A cohort study. Ann. Intern. J. 2(8). 39-60.
Lemlem, S. B., Sinishaw, W., Hailu, M., Abebe, M. & Aregay, A., (2013). Assessment of
knowledge of cancer of the breast and screening methods among nurses in University Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Scholarly Research Notices 2013(2013), 470-981.
LoBiondo-Wood, G. & Haber, J., (2006), Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for
evidence based practice, 6th edn, Mosby, St Louis.
Marinho, L. A. B., Cecatti, J. G., Osis, M. J. D. & Gurgel, M. S. C., (2008). Knowledge, attitude and
practice of mammography among women users of public health services, Revista de SaúdePública, 42(2), 2131.
Matthews, C. E. (2001). Lifetime physical activity and cancer of the breast risk in the Shanghai
Cancer of the breast Study. British Journal of Cancer 84(7):9941001.
McPherson, K. ABC of breast diseases. Cancer of the breastepidemiology, risk factors,
genetics. British Medical Journal , 321(624)628 2000. Med. 155:493-502.
Mugivhi, N. H., Maree, J. E. & Wright, S. C. D., (2009). Rural women's knowledge of prevention
and care related to cancer of the breast, Curationis 32(2), 3845.
Muguti, G. I. (1999). Experience with breast cancer in Zimbabwe. J. R. Coll. Surg. 38(2):75-78.
Nasiru, A. I., & Olumuyiwa, O. O. (2009). Knowledge of risk factors, beliefs and National Cancer
Institute (2005).Theory at a Glance. Washington, DC:
National Cancer Institute (2005). Theory at a Glance. Washington, DC: National Institues of
Health.
Nelson, H.D, Fu, R. and Cantor, A. (2016). Effectiveness of Cancer of the breast Screening:
Systematic Review and Metal-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 164(4):
244-255.
Nigeria: Cancer of the breast (2014). World health rankings: Live longer live better.
Available at: http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/nigeria-breast- cancer.
Ogunbiyi, J. O., Fabowale, A. O, Ladipo, A. A. (2010). In Cancer incidence and top ten cancers
in eleven local government areas in Ibadan, Nigeria and its environs, 2004-2008. Ibadan M. Alofe (Nig.) enterprises. 11-17.
Ojikutu, R. K. & Adetifa, F .A., (2009), Psycho-social analysis of cancer of the breast awareness
in Lagos state, Nigeria, International Journal of Academic Research, 1(2), 181187.
Okobia, M. N, Bunker, C. H, Okonofua, F. E, Osime, U. (2006). knowledge, attitude and
practice of Nigerian women towards cancer of the breast: A cross-sectional study.
World J. Surg. Oncol. 4:11.
Okolie, U. V (2011). Breast self-examination among female undergraduates in Enugu,
Southeast, Nigeria. Int. J. Nurs. Midwifery, 4(1), 1-7.
Okorie, O. (2011). Mass Media Strategies for Creating Awareness of Cancer of the breast.
Public Knowl. J. 3(1):1-6.
Omotara B., Yahya S., Amodu M. & Bimba J., (2012). Awareness, attitude and practice of rural
women regarding cancer of the breast in North-east Nigeria, Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education 2(5), 4
Onwere, S., Okoro, O., Chigbu, B., Aluka, C., Kamanu, C., & Onwere, A. (2009). Breast self‑
examination as a method of early detection of cancer of the breast: Knowledge and practice among antenatal clinic attendees in South Eastern Nigeria. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 25:122‑ 5.
Onyije, F. M., Zenebo, V. C, Oboma, Y. I. (2010). Knowledge and practice of breast cancer self-
examination among female students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Cont. J.
Biomed. Sci. 4:75-82.
Osime, O. C, Okojie, O. Aigbekaen, E. T, Aigbekaen, I. J. (2008). Knowledge attitude and
Practice about cancer of the breast among civil servants in Benin City, Nigeria. Ann. Afr. Med. 7:192-197.
Owoyemi, J. O. (2018). Womens Delay in Reporting Cancer of the breast to Hospitals: A
Perception by Female Students of Selected Tertiary Institutions in Kogi State, North-Central, Nigeria. In FuLafia Journal of Social Sciences. 1(4): 68-81.
Parkin DM (2008). The role of cancer registries in cancer control. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 13(2):102-
111.
Parkins D.M. & Fernández L.M., (2006). Use of statistics to assess the global burden of cancer
of the breast,The Breast Journal 12(1), 7080.
Pathak, D. R. & Whittemore, A. S. (1992). Combined effects of body size, parity, and menstrual
events on cancer of the breast incidence in seven countries. American Journal of Epidemiology 135(2):153168 1992.
Polit D.F. & Beck C.T., (2008). Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for
nursing practice, 8th edn, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
Reyes-Ortiz, C. A., Camacho, M. E., Amador, L. F., Velez, L. F., Ottenbacher, K. J. & Markides, K
. S., (2007). The impact of education and literacy levels on cancer screening
among older Latin American and Caribbean adults, Cancer Control 14(4), 388395.
Sankaranarayanan, R.. (1999). An overview of cancer survival in developing countries. In:
Cancer Survival in Developing Countries. IARC Scientific Publication 145, 135157.
Schwartsmann, G. Cancer of the breast in South America: challenges to improve early
detection and medical management of a public health problem. Journal of Clinical Oncology 19(18s):118124
Shepherd J.H. &Mclnerney P.A., 2006, Knowledge of cancer of the breast in women in Sierra
Leone Curationis 29(3), 7077.
Shepherd J.H. &Mclnerney P.A., 2007, Knowledge of breast-self examination in women in Sierra Leone, Curationis 30(4), 3844.
Siu, A.L. (2016). U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Breast Cancer. Annals of
Internal Medicine. 164(4): 279-296.
Soyebi, K. O, Ibitoye, A. Z, Abonyi, L. C, Eniyandunni, F. J. (2012). Knowledge and
Awareness of Cancer of the breast among Female Secondary School Students in
Nigeria. Acad. J. Cancer Res. 5(1):01-05.
Sule, E. A. (2011). Cancer of the breast awareness and breast examination practices among
women in a Niger Delta Hospital. Cont. J. Med. Res. 5(1):27-31.
Tabar, L., Vitak, B., Chen, H. T, Yen, M., Duffy, S. W., Smith, R. A. (2001). Beyond randomized
controlled trials, organized mammography screening substantially reduces breast
carcinoma mortality. Cancer , 91:17-24-
Tieng, O. J. G., Pengpid, S., Skaal, L. & Peltzer K., (2011). Knowledge, attitude and practice of
cancer of the breast examination among women attending a health Gaborone,
Botswana, Gender and Behaviour , 9(1), 35133527.
Tobin , E. A, Okeowo, P. O. (2014). Breast self-examination among secondary school
teachers in South-South, Nigeria: A survey of to Cancer of the breastand Breast Self-Examination among Female
Tobin, E. A, Okeowo, P. O (2014). Breast self-examination among secondary school
teachers in South-South, Nigeria: A survey of perception and practice. J. Public Health Epidemiol. 6(5):169-173.
Vorobiof, D. A. (2001). Cancer of the breast incidence in South Africa. Journal of Clinical
Oncology 19(18):125s127s 2001.
WHO.(2020). Global cancr rates could increase by 50% to 15 million by 2020
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ news/releases/2003/pr27/en/.
Yakubu, A. A, Gadanya, M. A, Sheshe, A. A. (2014). Knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast
self-examination among female nurses in Aminu Kano teaching hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Niger. J. Basic Clin. Sci.11(2):85-88.
Yan, Y.Y., (2009). Cancer of the breast: Knowledge and perceptions of Chinese women in Hong
Kong,Global Journal of Health Science ,1(2), 97105.
Yip, C. H, Smith, R. A, Anderson, B. O, Miller, A. B, Thomas, D. B, Ang, E. S, Caffarella, R. S,
Corbex, M. Kreps, G. L, McTiernan, A. (2008). Guideline implementation for breast
healthcare in low and middle-income countries: early detection resource allocation.
Cancer 113(8):2244-2256.
Abulkhair, O.A, Al Tahan FM, Young SE, Musaad SM, &Jazieh AR (2010). The first national public cancer of the breast screening program in Saudi Arabia. Ann. Saudi Med. 30(5):350-357.
Adebamowo, C. A, Ajayi, O. O. (1999). Cancer of the breast in Nigeria. West Afr. J. Med.
19(3):179-191.
Adeniji, K.A (1999). Pathological Appraisal of Carcinoma of the female breast in Ilorin, Nigeria. Niger. Postgrad. Med. J. 6:56-59.
Agboola, A. O. J, Deji-Agboola, A. M, Oritogun, K. S, Musa, A. A, Oyebadejo, T. Y, Ayoade, B. A. (2009). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast Self- Examination in Female Health Workers in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria. Int. Med. J. 8(1):5-10..
Ahuja, S & Chakrabarti, N. (2010). To determine the level of knowledge regarding breast cancer
and to increase awareness about cancer of the breast screening practices among a
group of women in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India. Internet J. Public Health.
1(1), 44-60.
Ajayi, I. O, Onibokun , A. C, Soyannwo, O. A. (2013). Breast and Cervical Cancers Awareness and Screening Practices among Rural Women in Ona-ara Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 16(2):95-99.
Akarolo-Anthon, S.N, Ogundiran, T.O &Adebamowo CA (2010) Emerging cancer of the breast epidemic: evidence from Africa. Cancer of the breast Res. 12 Suppl 4:S8.
Akhigbe, A. & Akhigbe K. ( 2012). Effects of health belief and cancer fatalism on the practice of cancer of the breast screening among Nigerian Women, viewed January 2013,from www.intechopen.co/books/mammography-recent-advances/effects-of-health-belief-and-cancer-fatalism-on-the-practice-of- breast-cancer-screening-among-Nigeria.
Akhigbe, A. O, & Omuemu, V. O. (2009). Knowledge, attitude and practices of breast cancer screening among female health workers in a Nigerian Urban City. BMC Cancer 9:203-206.
Akpinar, Y. Y., Baykan Z., Naçar, M., Gün, I. & Çetinkaya, F. (2011). Knowledge, attitude about
cancer of the breast and practice among female health care professionals: A study from Turkey, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 12(11), 30633068.
Akpo E. E, Akpo, M. O, Akhator, A. (2010). Cancer of the breast knowledge and screening
practices among Nigerian medical students. Internet J. Health 11(2):6-9.
Alberg, A.J. Epidemiology, prevention, and early detection of cancer of the breast. Current
Opinion in Oncology 11:435441
Al-Dubai, S. A., Qureshi, A. M., Saif-Ali, R., Ganasegeran, K, Alwan, M. R. & Hadi, J. I., (2011). Awareness and knowledge of cancer of the breast and mammography among a group of Malaysian women. In Shah Alam,Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 12(10), 25312538.
Allam, M. F. & Abd Elaziz, K. M., (2012). Evaluation of the level of knowledge of Egyptian women of cancer of the breast and its risk factors: A cross sectional study. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 53(4), 195198.
Alwan, N. A., Al-Attar, W. M., Eliessa, R. A., Madfaie, Z. A. & Tawfeeq, F. N., (2012). Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding cancer of the breast and breast self-examination among sample of the educated population in Iraq, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 18(4), 337345.
Anderson, B. O, Yip, C. H, Smith, R. A, Shyyan, R., Sener, S. F, Eniu, A., Carlson, R. W, Azavedo E, Harford, J. l (2008). Guideline Implementation for breast healthcare in low income and middle income countries: Overview of the Breast. Health Global Initiative Global Summit. Cancer 113(8):2221-2243.
Aniebue, P. N, Aniebue, U. U (2008). Awareness of cancer of the breast and breast self- examination among female secondary school teachers in Enugu metropolis, south-eastern Nigeria. Int. J. Med. Health Dev. 13(2):105-110.
Anyanwu, S. N, Egwuonwu, O. A, Ihekwoaba, E. C, (2011). Acceptance and adherence to
treatment among cancer of the breast patients in Eastern Nigeria. Breast 20(2:),51-3.
Forman, D. (2007). Socio-economic background in relation to stage at diagnosis, treatment
and survival in women with cancer of the breast attitudes and Practices of the
educated and non-educated women to cancer of the breast in semi-urban and rural are
in the south west, Nigeria. Niger. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 13:182-88.
Austoker, J., Bankhead, C, Forbes, L. J, Atkins, L., Martin F, Robb, K., Wardle J, Ramirez, A.J
(2009). Interventions to promote cancer awareness and early presentation: systematic review. Br. J. Cancer 101(2), 31-9.
Azubuike, S. O, Okwuokei, S. O, (2013). Knowledge, attitude and practices of women towards
cancer of the breast in Benin City, Nigeria. Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res. 3(2):155-160.
Balogun, M. O, Owoaje, E. T (2005). Knowledge and practice of breast self- examination among
female traders in Ibadan, Nigeria. Ann. Ibadan Postgrad. Med. 3(2):52-56.
Bassey, R. B, Irurhe, N. K, Olowoyeye, M. A, Adeyomoye, A. A, Onajole, A. T. (2011).
Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination among nursing students in
Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Educ. Res. 2(6):1232-1236.
Bello, T. O, Olugbenga-Bello, A. I, Ogunsola, A. S, Adeoti, M. L, Ojemakinde, O. M.(2011).
Knowledge And practice of cancer of the breastscreeningamong female nurses and lay womeninOsogbo,Nigeria.West AfricanJournal of Medicine. Vol. 30 (4):296-300. Benin City, Nigeria. Ann. Afr. Med. 7:192-197.
Eguvbe, A. O., Akpede, N., Arua, N. E. (2014). Knowledge of Breast Cancer and Need for its Screening Among Female Healthcare Workers in OshimiliSouth Local Government Council Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Afrimedic J.5(1):59-64.
Bray, F., McCarron, P., Parkin, D. M. (2004). The changing global patterns of female cancer of the breastincidence and mortality. Cancer of the breast Res. 2004; 6(6):229-39
Burgess, C. C, Linsel, l. L, Kapari, M, Omar, L., Michel, M., Whelehan, P., Richards, M. A, Ramirez, A.J. (2009).Promoting early presentation of cancer of the breast by older women: A preliminary evaluation of a one-to-one health professional-delivered intervention. J. Psychosomatic Res. 67(5):377-387.
Burns, N. & Grove, S. K., (2005), The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique and utilization, 5th edn, Saunders: Philadelphia.
Carlson, R. W, Allred, D. C, Anderson, B. O, Burstein, H. J, Carter, W. B, Edge, S. B, (2009). Cancer of the breast. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl ComprCancNetw. 7(2):122-92.
Chia, K.S. Population-based cancer survival in Singapore, 1968 to 1992: an overview. International Journal of Cancer 93:142147 2001.
Chioma, .C., Asuzu, S. R. N, (2007). Knowledge, attitude and practice of self-breast examination
among the female students of the University Of Ibadan,Nigeria. In Pakistan Journal of Social Science. 4(3):400-402.
Chlebowski, R. T, Kuller, L. H, Prentice, R. L, Stefanick, M. L, Manson, J. E, Gass, M, (2009).
Cancer of the breast after use of estrogen plus progestin in post- menopausal women. N Engl J Med. 5(6):573-87.
Chong, P. N, Krishnan, M, Hong, C. Y, Swah, T. S. (2002). Knowlegde and practice of cancer of
the breast screening amongst public health nurses. Singapore. Singapore Medical Journal. Vol. 43(10):509-516.
Coughlin, S. S, Ekwueme, D. U. (2009). Community practice in the United States: A cohort
study. Ann. Intern. Community. Sudan J. Med. Sci. 3(2):99-104.
Damiani, G., Federico, B., Basso, D., Ronconi, A., Bianchi, C. B. & Anzelotti, G. M. (2012). Socio-
economic disparities in the uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening in Italy: A cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 12, 99-120
Dey, S., Mishra, A.,Govil, J.,Dhillon, P.K, (2015).Cancer of the breast Awareness at the
Community Level among Women in Delhi, India. India: New Age Publications.
Dow M. K. and Yarbro. C.H., (2007). Cultural Perspectives of International Breast Health and
Cancer of the breast Education. In Journal of Nursing Scholarship. Vol. 39(2), 105112.
Downing, A., Prakash, K., Gilthorpe, M. S, Mikeljevic, J. S, Forman, D., (2007). Socio-economic
background in relation to stage at diagnosis, treatment and survival in women with cancer of the breast. Br. J. Cancer, 96(5):836-40.
Eguvbe, A. O, Akpede, N. & Arua, N. E. (2014). Knowledge of Cancer of the breast and Need for
its Screening Among Female Healthcare Workers in Oshimili South Local
Government Council Area of Delta State, Nigeria. African medical Journal. 5(1):59-64.
Egwuonwu, O. A, Anyanwu, S. N, Nwofor, A. M., (2012). Default from neo-adjuvantchemo
therapy in premenopausal female cancer of the breastpatients:Whatis toblame?In Nigeria Journal of ClinicalPractitioners,15:26-59
Foster, R. S., Hendrick, E., Eyre, H. J, Sener, S. (2003). American Cancer Society Guidelines for
cancer of the breast screening: Update 2003. CA Cancer J. Clin. 53:141-169.
Hadi, M. A., Hassali, M. A., Shafie, A. A. & Awaisu, A., (2010). Evaluation of breast cancer
awareness among female university students in Malaysia, Pharmacy Practice 8(1),
2934.
Harmer, V. (2008). Breast cancer. Part 1: Awareness and commonbenign diseases. Br. J.
Nurs.17(15):950-955.
Hayes DF. Clinical practice. Follow-up of patients with early cancer of the breast. N Engl J Med.
2007;356(24): 2505-13.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2008). Fast Stats. Lyon: International
Agency for Research on Cancer
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/populations/factseet.asp?uno=900#KEY.,
Isara, A. R., & Ojedokun, C. I. (2011). Knowledge of cancer of the breast and practice of breast
self-examination among female senior secondary school students in Abuja, Nigeria. J.
Prev. Med. Hyg. 52:186-190.
Islam, S. R, Aziz, S. M. (2012). Mammography is the most effective method of cancer of the
breast screening. Mymensingh Med. J. 21:366-371.
Jack, R. H., Davies, E. A. & Moller, H. (2009). Cancer of the breast incidence, stage treatment
and survival in ethnic groups in South East England. Br.J. Cancer 100:545-550. Kano teaching hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Niger. J. Basic Clin. Sci. 4 (6), 56-60.
Kanaga, K.C., Nithiya, J. & Shatirah, M. F., (2011). Awareness of cancer of the breast and
screening procedures among Malaysian women, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 12(8), 19651967
Kayode, F. O, Akande, T. M, & Osagbemi, G. K, (2005). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Female Secondary
Khanjani, N., Noori, A. & Rostami, F., (2012). The knowledge and practice of breast cancer
screening among women in Kerman, Iran, Al Ameen Journal of MedicalScience 5(2),
177182.
Khokhar, A., (2009). Level of awareness regarding cancer of the breast and its screening
amongst Indian teachers, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 10(2), 247250.
Korean Cancer of the breast Society. Clinical characteristics of Korean cancer of the breast
patients in 1998. Journal of Korean Medical Science 15:569)579 2000.
Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W., (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities.
Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2 (3), 33-50.
Kreps, G., & Sivaram, R. (2009).Strategic health communication across the continuum of
cancer of the breast care in limited resource countries. Cancer Suppl.113(8), 2331-2337.
KumarM,KashyapVM(2016).Awarenessaboutbreastcanceramong LancetOncol.9(7):683-692.
Lancet, T. (2011).The good news about cancer in developing countries. Lancet
378(9803):1605.
Lehman, C. D., Taplin, S. H, Sickles, E. A. (2011). Comparative effectiveness of
digital versus film- screen mammography in community practice in the United States: A cohort study. Ann. Intern. J. 2(8). 39-60.
Lemlem, S. B., Sinishaw, W., Hailu, M., Abebe, M. & Aregay, A., (2013). Assessment of
knowledge of cancer of the breast and screening methods among nurses in University Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Scholarly Research Notices 2013(2013), 470-981.
LoBiondo-Wood, G. & Haber, J., (2006), Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for
evidence based practice, 6th edn, Mosby, St Louis.
Marinho, L. A. B., Cecatti, J. G., Osis, M. J. D. & Gurgel, M. S. C., (2008). Knowledge, attitude and
practice of mammography among women users of public health services, Revista de SaúdePública, 42(2), 2131.
Matthews, C. E. (2001). Lifetime physical activity and cancer of the breast risk in the Shanghai
Cancer of the breast Study. British Journal of Cancer 84(7):9941001.
McPherson, K. ABC of breast diseases. Cancer of the breastepidemiology, risk factors,
genetics. British Medical Journal , 321(624)628 2000. Med. 155:493-502.
Mugivhi, N. H., Maree, J. E. & Wright, S. C. D., (2009). Rural women's knowledge of prevention
and care related to cancer of the breast, Curationis 32(2), 3845.
Muguti, G. I. (1999). Experience with breast cancer in Zimbabwe. J. R. Coll. Surg. 38(2):75-78.
Nasiru, A. I., & Olumuyiwa, O. O. (2009). Knowledge of risk factors, beliefs and National Cancer
Institute (2005).Theory at a Glance. Washington, DC:
National Cancer Institute (2005). Theory at a Glance. Washington, DC: National Institues of
Health.
Nelson, H.D, Fu, R. and Cantor, A. (2016). Effectiveness of Cancer of the breast Screening:
Systematic Review and Metal-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 164(4):
244-255.
Nigeria: Cancer of the breast (2014). World health rankings: Live longer live better.
Available at: http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/nigeria-breast- cancer.
Ogunbiyi, J. O., Fabowale, A. O, Ladipo, A. A. (2010). In Cancer incidence and top ten cancers
in eleven local government areas in Ibadan, Nigeria and its environs, 2004-2008. Ibadan M. Alofe (Nig.) enterprises. 11-17.
Ojikutu, R. K. & Adetifa, F .A., (2009), Psycho-social analysis of cancer of the breast awareness
in Lagos state, Nigeria, International Journal of Academic Research, 1(2), 181187.
Okobia, M. N, Bunker, C. H, Okonofua, F. E, Osime, U. (2006). knowledge, attitude and
practice of Nigerian women towards cancer of the breast: A cross-sectional study.
World J. Surg. Oncol. 4:11.
Okolie, U. V (2011). Breast self-examination among female undergraduates in Enugu,
Southeast, Nigeria. Int. J. Nurs. Midwifery, 4(1), 1-7.
Okorie, O. (2011). Mass Media Strategies for Creating Awareness of Cancer of the breast.
Public Knowl. J. 3(1):1-6.
Omotara B., Yahya S., Amodu M. & Bimba J., (2012). Awareness, attitude and practice of rural
women regarding cancer of the breast in North-east Nigeria, Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education 2(5), 4
Onwere, S., Okoro, O., Chigbu, B., Aluka, C., Kamanu, C., & Onwere, A. (2009). Breast self‑
examination as a method of early detection of cancer of the breast: Knowledge and practice among antenatal clinic attendees in South Eastern Nigeria. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 25:122‑ 5.
Onyije, F. M., Zenebo, V. C, Oboma, Y. I. (2010). Knowledge and practice of breast cancer self-
examination among female students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Cont. J.
Biomed. Sci. 4:75-82.
Osime, O. C, Okojie, O. Aigbekaen, E. T, Aigbekaen, I. J. (2008). Knowledge attitude and
Practice about cancer of the breast among civil servants in Benin City, Nigeria. Ann. Afr. Med. 7:192-197.
Owoyemi, J. O. (2018). Womens Delay in Reporting Cancer of the breast to Hospitals: A
Perception by Female Students of Selected Tertiary Institutions in Kogi State, North-Central, Nigeria. In FuLafia Journal of Social Sciences. 1(4): 68-81.
Parkin DM (2008). The role of cancer registries in cancer control. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 13(2):102-
111.
Parkins D.M. & Fernández L.M., (2006). Use of statistics to assess the global burden of cancer
of the breast,The Breast Journal 12(1), 7080.
Pathak, D. R. & Whittemore, A. S. (1992). Combined effects of body size, parity, and menstrual
events on cancer of the breast incidence in seven countries. American Journal of Epidemiology 135(2):153168 1992.
Polit D.F. & Beck C.T., (2008). Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for
nursing practice, 8th edn, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
Reyes-Ortiz, C. A., Camacho, M. E., Amador, L. F., Velez, L. F., Ottenbacher, K. J. & Markides, K
. S., (2007). The impact of education and literacy levels on cancer screening
among older Latin American and Caribbean adults, Cancer Control 14(4), 388395.
Sankaranarayanan, R.. (1999). An overview of cancer survival in developing countries. In:
Cancer Survival in Developing Countries. IARC Scientific Publication 145, 135157.
Schwartsmann, G. Cancer of the breast in South America: challenges to improve early
detection and medical management of a public health problem. Journal of Clinical Oncology 19(18s):118124
Shepherd J.H. &Mclnerney P.A., 2006, Knowledge of cancer of the breast in women in Sierra
Leone Curationis 29(3), 7077.
Shepherd J.H. &Mclnerney P.A., 2007, Knowledge of breast-self examination in women in Sierra Leone, Curationis 30(4), 3844.
Siu, A.L. (2016). U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Breast Cancer. Annals of
Internal Medicine. 164(4): 279-296.
Soyebi, K. O, Ibitoye, A. Z, Abonyi, L. C, Eniyandunni, F. J. (2012). Knowledge and
Awareness of Cancer of the breast among Female Secondary School Students in
Nigeria. Acad. J. Cancer Res. 5(1):01-05.
Sule, E. A. (2011). Cancer of the breast awareness and breast examination practices among
women in a Niger Delta Hospital. Cont. J. Med. Res. 5(1):27-31.
Tabar, L., Vitak, B., Chen, H. T, Yen, M., Duffy, S. W., Smith, R. A. (2001). Beyond randomized
controlled trials, organized mammography screening substantially reduces breast
carcinoma mortality. Cancer , 91:17-24-
Tieng, O. J. G., Pengpid, S., Skaal, L. & Peltzer K., (2011). Knowledge, attitude and practice of
cancer of the breast examination among women attending a health Gaborone,
Botswana, Gender and Behaviour , 9(1), 35133527.
Tobin , E. A, Okeowo, P. O. (2014). Breast self-examination among secondary school
teachers in South-South, Nigeria: A survey of to Cancer of the breastand Breast Self-Examination among Female
Tobin, E. A, Okeowo, P. O (2014). Breast self-examination among secondary school
teachers in South-South, Nigeria: A survey of perception and practice. J. Public Health Epidemiol. 6(5):169-173.
Vorobiof, D. A. (2001). Cancer of the breast incidence in South Africa. Journal of Clinical
Oncology 19(18):125s127s 2001.
WHO.(2020). Global cancr rates could increase by 50% to 15 million by 2020
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ news/releases/2003/pr27/en/.
Yakubu, A. A, Gadanya, M. A, Sheshe, A. A. (2014). Knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast
self-examination among female nurses in Aminu Kano teaching hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Niger. J. Basic Clin. Sci.11(2):85-88.
Yan, Y.Y., (2009). Cancer of the breast: Knowledge and perceptions of Chinese women in Hong
Kong,Global Journal of Health Science ,1(2), 97105.
Yip, C. H, Smith, R. A, Anderson, B. O, Miller, A. B, Thomas, D. B, Ang, E. S, Caffarella, R. S,
Corbex, M. Kreps, G. L, McTiernan, A. (2008). Guideline implementation for breast
healthcare in low and middle-income countries: early detection resource allocation.
Cancer 113(8):2244-2256.
Published
2024-07-08
How to Cite
AMODU, D., Olugbenga OWOYEMI, J., & YUNUSA, E. (2024). ASSESSMENT OF THE FACTORS DETERMINING THE PRACTICES OF MAMMOGRAPHIC SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER AMONG CHILD-BEARING WOMEN IN OKEHI LGA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA. GPH - International Journal of Health Sciences and Nursing, 7(05), 25-55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12684900
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 GPH - International Journal of Health Sciences and Nursing
Author(s) and co-author(s) jointly and severally represent and warrant that the Article is original with the author(s) and does not infringe any copyright or violate any other right of any third parties, and that the Article has not been published elsewhere. Author(s) agree to the terms that the GPH Journal will have the full right to remove the published article on any misconduct found in the published article.
