POLITICAL REBRANDING AND ELECTORATE ACCEPTANCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN NIGERIA
Keywords:
Political Rebranding, Electorate Acceptance, Party Image, Party Identity, Party Trust, Political Parties
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between political rebranding and electorate acceptance of political parties in Nigeria. A total of four hundred (400) respondents (voters) in Rivers State were sampled upon which a descriptive design was employed and the hypothesized relationships were subjected to analyses using a simple regression statistical tool. The study found that party image, party identity, and party trustwere political rebranding techniques can trigger electorates’ acceptance. Therefore, the researcher concludes that for the rebranding of Nigerian politics to be successful, it must have a party image, party identity with some elements of trust. Based on the findings, the study recommended among other things that, political parties should build credible political party image and identity, to enable them to remain attractive to the electorates
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Aaker, D. (1996).Building Strong Brands, New York: The Free Press.
Achor, P. N. (2011).Personality Audit, Image Audit, and Opinion Poll in Political Public Relations (PPR) Practices: An Empirical Study, Paper presented to Department of Marketing, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Achor, P. N. (2007).Political Marketing: Marketing, Communication and Political. Retrieved June 2 fromhttp://.www. Political Communication.com/articls.htm
Achor, P.N. &Moguluwa, S.C. (2012).Political Marketing: Marketing, Communication and Polities, Enugu:Oktek Nigeria Ltd.
Achor, P.N.; Nwachukwu, C.P. &Nwkocha, C.A.(2016). Social marketing and public service reforms in Nigeria: An empirical study.International Journal of Science and Research, 5(4), 1234-1244,
Agba, M. S., Agba, A.M., Ushie, E. M. &Akwara, A. F. (2009). Poverty, food insecurity and the rebranding question in Nigeria, Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture, Http://www.cscanada.org, downloaded on 26 May 2021.
Ahmed, M.A., Lodhi, S.A. & Ahmad, Z. (2015). Political brand equity model (PBEM): The integration of political brand in voters choice. Journal of Political Marketing, 2(4),1-33.
Ajayi, O. (2019). 79 Parties to field Presidential candidates in 2019. Vanguard Newspapers, October26.
Alsamydai, M. (2004). Political marketing, principles and strategies: Dar Zehran for Publishing and distribution.
American Marketing Association (AMA) (1960).Marketing Definitions: A Glossary ofMarketing Terms. Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association.
Animashaun, K. (2010). Regime character, electoral crisis and prospects of electoral reform in Nigeria. Journal of Nigeria Studies,1(1).
Anyanwu, A. (2000). Research methodology in business and social sciences. Owerri Canun Publishers Nig. Ltd.
Ayo, C.K., Oluranti, J., Duruji, M.M., &Omoregbe, N.A. (2015). Credible elections and the role of socialmedia: The case of nairaland in the 2014 Osun gubernatorial election In: The 15th EuropeanConference on eGovernment (ECEG 2015), 18 - 19 June, 2015, University of Portsmouth UK.
Bamiduro, J. A. & Aremu, M. A. (2012).Assessment of the need for and effectiveness of re-branding in Nigeria. International Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences (IJMAS), 1(4), 11-22.
Blais, A. (2011). Political leaders and democratic elections.” Political Leaders and Democratic Elections, eds. Kees Aarts, André Blais and Hermann Schmitt. European Consortium for Political Research, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
David, G. &Mians, T. (2000).The reputation of party leader and the party being led.European Journal of Marketing, 44(314), 331-350.
De Chernatony, L. (2007). From brand vision to brand evaluation, Journal of Marketing Management, 15, 157-179.
Egwemi, V. (2010). Managing Nigeria's image crisis: Akunyili’s rebranding, programme to the Rescue (?), Current Research Journal of Economic Theory 2(3): 131-135.
Foeling, T.H., & Forbes, L.P. (2005). An empirical analysis: brand identity effect. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 24(7), 404-413.
Friday, C. (2008). Can this brand be saved? Political Magazine, 34-39.
Glory, B., & Agnes, B. (2016).Repositioning in Nigeria: Application of marketing communication tools by political parties in campaign programmes. International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Administration, 2 (9), 20-28.
Guardado, J. and Wantchekon, L. (2018). Do electoral handouts affect voting behaviour? Electoral Studies, 53, 139-149.
Hankinson, G.&Cowking, P. (1996).The Reality of Global Brands. Berkshire:McGraw-Hill
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Rabin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Harries, P., & de Chermatiny, V. (2005). Goods over God: Lobbying and political marketing. Handbook of Political Marketing, 607-626.
Hayes, B.C. & McAllister, I. (1996). Marketing politics to voters late deciders in the 1992 British Election. European Journal of Marketing. 30(1011), 127-139.
He, J. (2006). Brand relationship quality: The establishment and validation of an indigenous model inChina. Journal of East China Normal University. 38(3), 100–106.
Henneberg, S. &O'shaughnessy, N. (2007). Theory and Concept Development in PoliticalMarketing. Journal of Political Marketing, 6(2-3), 5-31.
Hiscock, J. (2001). Most trusted brands. Journal of Marketing, pp. 32-3.
Johnson, D., & Grayson, K. (2005). Cognitive and Affective trust in political service relationships. Journal of Service marketing, 88, 500-507.
Keller, K. (2002). Political brand equity. Hand book of marketing. London, UK: Sage Publications. 151-178
Keller, K. (2003). Brand synthesis: The multidimensionality of brand knowledge. Journal of Marketing Management, 29, 595-600.
Keller, K., & Lehman, D. (2006). Political parties and branding: Research findings and future priorities. Marketing Science, 25(6), 740-759.
Kitschelt, H. & Wilkinson, S. (Eds.), (2007). Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Kostehjk, M. & Erik, A. (2008). Brand image in the manufacturing sector: Finding value drivers. Journal of Services Marketing. 4(8), 116.
Kunle, A. (2010). Regime character, electoral crisis and prospects of electoralreform in Nigeria. Journal of Nigeria Studies, 1(1), 1-33Vo
Lindberg, S., & Morrison, K. (2008). Are Africa voters really ethnic or clientelistic? Survey evidence from Ghana.Political Science.Quarterly, 1(2),95-122
Lock, A.& Harris, P. (1996). Political marketing – vive la difference.European Journal of Marketing, 30(10/11): 21–31.
Makinde, F. (2019).INEC and the burden of under-performing political parties. 24 March.
Mensah, A. K. (2011). Political Brand Management: Forms and Strategies in Modern Party Politics. A Thesis in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Journalism Studies,University of Sheffield, UK.
Michael,T.& Robert,P. V.H. (2008). Candidate positioning and voter choice. Journal of American Political Science Review, 303-318.
Mogulua, S.C., & Achor, P.N.(2013). The imperative of personality audit, image audit, and opinion poll inpolitical public relations (PPR) practices, Journal of Culture, Society and Development- An Open Access International Journal, 1, 104-112
Nandan, S. (2005). An exploration of brand identity and image linkage: a communication perspective. Journal of Brand Management, 12(4),264-278.
Napel, S. (2002). Bilateral Bargaining Theory and Applications. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
National Democratic Institute (2012).Final Report on the 2011 Nigerian General Elections. Washington, DC:National Democratic Institute for International Affairs.
National Human Rights Commission (2007). The State of Human Rights in Nigeria 2007.Being a report on the human rights violations monitored in Nigeria by network of human rights violations monitors in collaboration with the National Human Rights Commissions, UNDP and NURAD. Abuja: NHRC.
Needham, C. (2005). Brand leaders: Clinton, Blair and the limitations of the permanent campaign,Journal of Political Studies. 53, 343–361.
Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and application. London: Sage.
Newman, B.I. (1999). The Mass Marketing of Politics: Democracy in an Age of Manufactured Images,California, USA: Sage Publications. Inc.
Nichter, S. (2014). Conceptualizing vote buying. Electoral Studies. 35, 315-327.
Nielsen, K. (2016). The everyday politics of India’s “land wars” in rural eastern India. Focaal,2016(75)
Nielsen, S. G.& Larsen, M. V. (2014). Party brands and voting. Electoral Studies 33: 153-165.
Nwosu, I. E. (2003). Polimedia: A general introductory overview and analysis. In Nwosu Polimedia: Media& Politics in Nigeria Enugu: ACCE & Prime Target Ltd Publishers.
Okpara, G., Anuforo, R., & P. N. Achor (2016).Effect of political advertising on voters’ choice of candidate: Emphasis on the 2015 Governorship Election in Imo State, Nigeria.European Journal of Business and Management, 8(26), 50-70
Omotola, J. S. (2010). Elections and democratic transition in Nigeria under the Fourth Republic.” AfricanAffairs. 109(437), 535-553.
Osumah, O. &Aghemelo, A. T. (2010). Elections in Nigeria since the end of military rule.AFRICANA. 4(2).
O’Shaughnessy, N. (2001). The marketing of political marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 35(9/10): 1047–1057.
Owuamalam, E. (2014). Voter perception of unique selling proposition in Nigeria’s Presidential political advertisements.International Journal International Relation, Media and Mass CommunicationStudies,1(1), 1-16
Ozoh, H. (2013).Advertising Concepts, Practice and Management. Enugu: Rhyce Kerex Publishers.
Pate, U., Nwabueze, C., &Idiong (2013).Politics, culture, and the media in Nigeria. Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers Ltd.
Pauwels, T. (2010). Explaining the success of neoliberal populist parties: The case of Lijst Dedecker inBelgium. Political Studies, 58.
Phipps, M., Brace-Govan , J. & Jevons, C. (2008). The duality of political brand equity. European Journal of Marketing,44(3/4), 496-514
Pich, C., Dean, D. &Punjaisri, K. (2014). Political brand identity: An examination of thecomplexities of Conservative brand and internal market engagement during the 2010 UKGeneral Election campaign. Journal of Marketing Communications, 22(1), 100-117.
Pich, C., Dean, D.&Punjaisri, K. (2016). Political brand identity: an examination of the complexities ofConservative brand and internal market engagement during the 2010 UK General Electioncampaign. Journal of Marketing Communications,22(1), 100-117.
Potluri, R. M. (2008). Assessment of effectiveness ofmarketing communication mix elements in Ethiopianservice sector. African Journal of BusinessManagement, 2(3), 59-64
Popkin, G. (1999). Political marketing theory: An exploratory study. European Journal of Marketing, 85(9), 440-470.
Reeves, P., de Chernatony, L. & Carrigan, M. (2006). Building a political brand: ideology or voter-drivenstrategy. Journal of Brand Management. 13(6), 418–428
Risk, V.M. & Stoetzer, L.F.(2019). Election fraud, digit tests and how humans fabricate vote counts - An experimental approach, Electoral Studies, 1-37.
Rydgren, J. (2007). The sociology of the radical right. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 241-262.
Scammell, M. (2007). Political brands and consumer citizens: The rebrandingof Tony Blair. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 611(1), 176-192.
Schneider, H. (2004). Branding in politics – manifestations, relevance and identity-oriented management, Journal of Political Marketing 3(3), 41–67.
Shelves, W. P. (2005).Power and choice: Anintroduction to political science (9th Ed) New York:McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
Smith, G., & A. French. (2009). The political brand: a consumer perspective.Marketing Theory, 9(2), 209-226.
Towner, T. L, & Dulio, D. A. (2012). New media and political marketing in the United States: 2012 andbeyond” Journal of Political Marketing,11(1-2), 95-119
Udeze, S. & Akpan, U. (2013). The influence of political advertising on Nigerian electorate, Journal of Communication, 4(1), 49 – 53
Van Bragt, D.D.B., Gerding, E.H. & La Poutre, J.A. (2000). On the level of cooperative behaviour in a local interaction model. Journal of Economics(ZeitschrijtfUrNationalokonomie), 71(1), 1-30.
Worlu, R. (2010). Marketing Management for Political Parties. Port Harcourt, MacrowlyKonsult.
Young, H.P. (1998). Individual Strategy and Social Structure. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1
Achor, P. N. (2011).Personality Audit, Image Audit, and Opinion Poll in Political Public Relations (PPR) Practices: An Empirical Study, Paper presented to Department of Marketing, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Achor, P. N. (2007).Political Marketing: Marketing, Communication and Political. Retrieved June 2 fromhttp://.www. Political Communication.com/articls.htm
Achor, P.N. &Moguluwa, S.C. (2012).Political Marketing: Marketing, Communication and Polities, Enugu:Oktek Nigeria Ltd.
Achor, P.N.; Nwachukwu, C.P. &Nwkocha, C.A.(2016). Social marketing and public service reforms in Nigeria: An empirical study.International Journal of Science and Research, 5(4), 1234-1244,
Agba, M. S., Agba, A.M., Ushie, E. M. &Akwara, A. F. (2009). Poverty, food insecurity and the rebranding question in Nigeria, Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture, Http://www.cscanada.org, downloaded on 26 May 2021.
Ahmed, M.A., Lodhi, S.A. & Ahmad, Z. (2015). Political brand equity model (PBEM): The integration of political brand in voters choice. Journal of Political Marketing, 2(4),1-33.
Ajayi, O. (2019). 79 Parties to field Presidential candidates in 2019. Vanguard Newspapers, October26.
Alsamydai, M. (2004). Political marketing, principles and strategies: Dar Zehran for Publishing and distribution.
American Marketing Association (AMA) (1960).Marketing Definitions: A Glossary ofMarketing Terms. Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association.
Animashaun, K. (2010). Regime character, electoral crisis and prospects of electoral reform in Nigeria. Journal of Nigeria Studies,1(1).
Anyanwu, A. (2000). Research methodology in business and social sciences. Owerri Canun Publishers Nig. Ltd.
Ayo, C.K., Oluranti, J., Duruji, M.M., &Omoregbe, N.A. (2015). Credible elections and the role of socialmedia: The case of nairaland in the 2014 Osun gubernatorial election In: The 15th EuropeanConference on eGovernment (ECEG 2015), 18 - 19 June, 2015, University of Portsmouth UK.
Bamiduro, J. A. & Aremu, M. A. (2012).Assessment of the need for and effectiveness of re-branding in Nigeria. International Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences (IJMAS), 1(4), 11-22.
Blais, A. (2011). Political leaders and democratic elections.” Political Leaders and Democratic Elections, eds. Kees Aarts, André Blais and Hermann Schmitt. European Consortium for Political Research, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
David, G. &Mians, T. (2000).The reputation of party leader and the party being led.European Journal of Marketing, 44(314), 331-350.
De Chernatony, L. (2007). From brand vision to brand evaluation, Journal of Marketing Management, 15, 157-179.
Egwemi, V. (2010). Managing Nigeria's image crisis: Akunyili’s rebranding, programme to the Rescue (?), Current Research Journal of Economic Theory 2(3): 131-135.
Foeling, T.H., & Forbes, L.P. (2005). An empirical analysis: brand identity effect. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 24(7), 404-413.
Friday, C. (2008). Can this brand be saved? Political Magazine, 34-39.
Glory, B., & Agnes, B. (2016).Repositioning in Nigeria: Application of marketing communication tools by political parties in campaign programmes. International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Administration, 2 (9), 20-28.
Guardado, J. and Wantchekon, L. (2018). Do electoral handouts affect voting behaviour? Electoral Studies, 53, 139-149.
Hankinson, G.&Cowking, P. (1996).The Reality of Global Brands. Berkshire:McGraw-Hill
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Rabin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Harries, P., & de Chermatiny, V. (2005). Goods over God: Lobbying and political marketing. Handbook of Political Marketing, 607-626.
Hayes, B.C. & McAllister, I. (1996). Marketing politics to voters late deciders in the 1992 British Election. European Journal of Marketing. 30(1011), 127-139.
He, J. (2006). Brand relationship quality: The establishment and validation of an indigenous model inChina. Journal of East China Normal University. 38(3), 100–106.
Henneberg, S. &O'shaughnessy, N. (2007). Theory and Concept Development in PoliticalMarketing. Journal of Political Marketing, 6(2-3), 5-31.
Hiscock, J. (2001). Most trusted brands. Journal of Marketing, pp. 32-3.
Johnson, D., & Grayson, K. (2005). Cognitive and Affective trust in political service relationships. Journal of Service marketing, 88, 500-507.
Keller, K. (2002). Political brand equity. Hand book of marketing. London, UK: Sage Publications. 151-178
Keller, K. (2003). Brand synthesis: The multidimensionality of brand knowledge. Journal of Marketing Management, 29, 595-600.
Keller, K., & Lehman, D. (2006). Political parties and branding: Research findings and future priorities. Marketing Science, 25(6), 740-759.
Kitschelt, H. & Wilkinson, S. (Eds.), (2007). Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Kostehjk, M. & Erik, A. (2008). Brand image in the manufacturing sector: Finding value drivers. Journal of Services Marketing. 4(8), 116.
Kunle, A. (2010). Regime character, electoral crisis and prospects of electoralreform in Nigeria. Journal of Nigeria Studies, 1(1), 1-33Vo
Lindberg, S., & Morrison, K. (2008). Are Africa voters really ethnic or clientelistic? Survey evidence from Ghana.Political Science.Quarterly, 1(2),95-122
Lock, A.& Harris, P. (1996). Political marketing – vive la difference.European Journal of Marketing, 30(10/11): 21–31.
Makinde, F. (2019).INEC and the burden of under-performing political parties. 24 March.
Mensah, A. K. (2011). Political Brand Management: Forms and Strategies in Modern Party Politics. A Thesis in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Journalism Studies,University of Sheffield, UK.
Michael,T.& Robert,P. V.H. (2008). Candidate positioning and voter choice. Journal of American Political Science Review, 303-318.
Mogulua, S.C., & Achor, P.N.(2013). The imperative of personality audit, image audit, and opinion poll inpolitical public relations (PPR) practices, Journal of Culture, Society and Development- An Open Access International Journal, 1, 104-112
Nandan, S. (2005). An exploration of brand identity and image linkage: a communication perspective. Journal of Brand Management, 12(4),264-278.
Napel, S. (2002). Bilateral Bargaining Theory and Applications. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
National Democratic Institute (2012).Final Report on the 2011 Nigerian General Elections. Washington, DC:National Democratic Institute for International Affairs.
National Human Rights Commission (2007). The State of Human Rights in Nigeria 2007.Being a report on the human rights violations monitored in Nigeria by network of human rights violations monitors in collaboration with the National Human Rights Commissions, UNDP and NURAD. Abuja: NHRC.
Needham, C. (2005). Brand leaders: Clinton, Blair and the limitations of the permanent campaign,Journal of Political Studies. 53, 343–361.
Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and application. London: Sage.
Newman, B.I. (1999). The Mass Marketing of Politics: Democracy in an Age of Manufactured Images,California, USA: Sage Publications. Inc.
Nichter, S. (2014). Conceptualizing vote buying. Electoral Studies. 35, 315-327.
Nielsen, K. (2016). The everyday politics of India’s “land wars” in rural eastern India. Focaal,2016(75)
Nielsen, S. G.& Larsen, M. V. (2014). Party brands and voting. Electoral Studies 33: 153-165.
Nwosu, I. E. (2003). Polimedia: A general introductory overview and analysis. In Nwosu Polimedia: Media& Politics in Nigeria Enugu: ACCE & Prime Target Ltd Publishers.
Okpara, G., Anuforo, R., & P. N. Achor (2016).Effect of political advertising on voters’ choice of candidate: Emphasis on the 2015 Governorship Election in Imo State, Nigeria.European Journal of Business and Management, 8(26), 50-70
Omotola, J. S. (2010). Elections and democratic transition in Nigeria under the Fourth Republic.” AfricanAffairs. 109(437), 535-553.
Osumah, O. &Aghemelo, A. T. (2010). Elections in Nigeria since the end of military rule.AFRICANA. 4(2).
O’Shaughnessy, N. (2001). The marketing of political marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 35(9/10): 1047–1057.
Owuamalam, E. (2014). Voter perception of unique selling proposition in Nigeria’s Presidential political advertisements.International Journal International Relation, Media and Mass CommunicationStudies,1(1), 1-16
Ozoh, H. (2013).Advertising Concepts, Practice and Management. Enugu: Rhyce Kerex Publishers.
Pate, U., Nwabueze, C., &Idiong (2013).Politics, culture, and the media in Nigeria. Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers Ltd.
Pauwels, T. (2010). Explaining the success of neoliberal populist parties: The case of Lijst Dedecker inBelgium. Political Studies, 58.
Phipps, M., Brace-Govan , J. & Jevons, C. (2008). The duality of political brand equity. European Journal of Marketing,44(3/4), 496-514
Pich, C., Dean, D. &Punjaisri, K. (2014). Political brand identity: An examination of thecomplexities of Conservative brand and internal market engagement during the 2010 UKGeneral Election campaign. Journal of Marketing Communications, 22(1), 100-117.
Pich, C., Dean, D.&Punjaisri, K. (2016). Political brand identity: an examination of the complexities ofConservative brand and internal market engagement during the 2010 UK General Electioncampaign. Journal of Marketing Communications,22(1), 100-117.
Potluri, R. M. (2008). Assessment of effectiveness ofmarketing communication mix elements in Ethiopianservice sector. African Journal of BusinessManagement, 2(3), 59-64
Popkin, G. (1999). Political marketing theory: An exploratory study. European Journal of Marketing, 85(9), 440-470.
Reeves, P., de Chernatony, L. & Carrigan, M. (2006). Building a political brand: ideology or voter-drivenstrategy. Journal of Brand Management. 13(6), 418–428
Risk, V.M. & Stoetzer, L.F.(2019). Election fraud, digit tests and how humans fabricate vote counts - An experimental approach, Electoral Studies, 1-37.
Rydgren, J. (2007). The sociology of the radical right. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 241-262.
Scammell, M. (2007). Political brands and consumer citizens: The rebrandingof Tony Blair. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 611(1), 176-192.
Schneider, H. (2004). Branding in politics – manifestations, relevance and identity-oriented management, Journal of Political Marketing 3(3), 41–67.
Shelves, W. P. (2005).Power and choice: Anintroduction to political science (9th Ed) New York:McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
Smith, G., & A. French. (2009). The political brand: a consumer perspective.Marketing Theory, 9(2), 209-226.
Towner, T. L, & Dulio, D. A. (2012). New media and political marketing in the United States: 2012 andbeyond” Journal of Political Marketing,11(1-2), 95-119
Udeze, S. & Akpan, U. (2013). The influence of political advertising on Nigerian electorate, Journal of Communication, 4(1), 49 – 53
Van Bragt, D.D.B., Gerding, E.H. & La Poutre, J.A. (2000). On the level of cooperative behaviour in a local interaction model. Journal of Economics(ZeitschrijtfUrNationalokonomie), 71(1), 1-30.
Worlu, R. (2010). Marketing Management for Political Parties. Port Harcourt, MacrowlyKonsult.
Young, H.P. (1998). Individual Strategy and Social Structure. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1
Published
2021-08-03
How to Cite
Nwarisi, S. N., Igwe, P., & Kalu, S. E. (2021). POLITICAL REBRANDING AND ELECTORATE ACCEPTANCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN NIGERIA. GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 4(07), 64-85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6965784
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2021 IJSSHR - International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Author(s) and co-author(s) jointly and severally represent and warrant that the Article is original with the author(s) and does not infringe any copyright or violate any other right of any third parties, and that the Article has not been published elsewhere. Author(s) agree to the terms that the GPH Journal will have the full right to remove the published article on any misconduct found in the published article.
