Blood Indices and Levels of Erythropoietin in Cystic Kidney Disease
Keywords:
Chronic Kidney Diseases; Renal Cyst; erythropoietin; renal anemia; Cystic fluid
Abstract
Background: The mature kidneys are the primary organs that secrete erythropoietin (EPO), a sialo-glycoprotein hormone that is released in response to tissue hypoxia and a decrease in red cell mass. It causes the blood marrow to produce more erythrocytes.
Objectives: To estimate haemoglobin and EPO in blood and cystic fluid in patients with renal cysts.
Methodology: The 60 participants in this case-control study were 30 individuals (30–60 years old) who visited the urology department of Alhawari General Hospital in Benghazi, Libya, in 2020 and had renal cysts. Furthermore, thirty healthy individuals, matched for age and gender, were selected as controls (ages 29–58). We measured blood urea, creatinine, and haemoglobin. ELISA was used to estimate EPO in serum and cystic fluid.
Results: Patients with renal cysts had mean serum EPO and urea values of 29.7±7 m U/ml and 7.2±1.3 m mole/l, respectively. These values were substantially higher than those of the control group, which had mean values of 6.2±4.3 m U/ml and 4.4±1.1 m mole/l, respectively, P < 0.05. Patients diagnosed with renal cysts had significantly lower haemoglobin levels (11.2±0.6 and 13.2±1.3 gm/dl, respectively) than the control group (P < 0.05). The amount of EPO in the cystic fluid was 15 times more than that in serum.
Conclusion: According to this study, erythropoietin does not penetrate blood from cystic fluid in individuals with renal cysts, and more research is needed to determine the amount of erythropoietin in cystic fluid.
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References
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italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica, 72(4), 221–224.
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cyst. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 28(1), 33–49.
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00024
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disease in the United States: patient characteristics and survival. Clinical
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S., Bennett, W. M., Hirschman, G. N., Meyers, C. M., Zhang, X., Zhu, F., Miller, J.
P., & CRISP Investigators (2006). Volume progression in polycystic kidney
disease. The New England journal of medicine, 354(20), 2122–2130.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa054341
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cystic diseases: a review. Advances in anatomic pathology, 13(1), 26–56.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pap.0000201831.77472.d3
2. Wei,L., Xiao, Y., Xiong, X., Li, L., Yang, Y., Han, Y., Zhao, H., Yang, M., & Sun,
L. (2020). The Relationship Between Simple Renal Cysts and Renal Function in
Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Frontiers in Physiology, 11.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.616167
3. Raina, R., Chakraborty, R., Sethi, S. K., Kumar, D., Gibson, K., & Bergmann, C.
(2021). Diagnosis and Management of Renal Cystic Disease of the Newborn: Core
Curriculum 2021. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 78(1), 125–141.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.10.021
4. U.S. Renal Data Set (USRDS). 1999 ADR. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of
Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK);
April 1999. Appendix, Table A-1.
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Appendix, Table A-15.
6. Kurschat, C. E., Müller, R. U., Franke, M., Maintz, D., Schermer, B., & Benzing, T.
(2014). An approach to cystic kidney diseases: the clinician's view. Nature reviews.
Nephrology, 10(12), 687–699. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2014.173
7. Cramer, M. T.,& Guay-Woodford, L. M. (2015). Cystic kidney disease: a
primer. Advances in chronic kidney disease, 22(4), 297–305.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2015.04.001
8. Müller, R. U., & Benzing, T. (2018). Cystic Kidney Diseases From the Adult
Nephrologist's Point of View. Frontiers in pediatrics, 6, 65.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00065
9. Raina, R., Chakraborty, R., Sethi, S. K., Kumar, D., Gibson, K., & Bergmann, C.
(2021). Diagnosis and Management of Renal Cystic Disease of the Newborn: Core
Curriculum 2021. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the
National Kidney Foundation, 78(1), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.10.021
10. Satariano, M., Ghose, S., & Raina, R. (2024). The Pathophysiology of Inherited
Renal Cystic Diseases. Genes, 15(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15010091
11. Chaubal, R., Pokhriyal, S. C., Deshmukh, A., Gupta, U., & Chaubal, N. (2023).
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease: An In-Utero Diagnosis. Cureus, 15(4),
e37786. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37786
12. Samir S. Patel, Paul L. Kimmel, Ajay Singh, (2002).New Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: A Framework for K/DOQI, Seminars in Nephrology.22, 6, 449-458.,https://doi.org/10.1053/snep.2002.35973.
13.Zamani, M., Seifi, T., Sedighzadeh, S., Negahdari, S., Zeighami, J., Sedaghat, A.,
Yadegari, T., Saberi, A., Hamid, M., Shariati, G., & Galehdari, H. (2021). Whole-
Exome Sequencing Application for Genetic Diagnosis of Kidney Diseases: A Study
from Southwest of Iran. Kidney360, 2(5), 873–877.
https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0006902020
14. Westenfelder C. (2002). Unexpected renal actions of erythropoietin. Experimental
nephrology, 10(5-6), 294–298. https://doi.org/10.1159/000065304
15. Coresh, J.,& Stevens, L. A. (2006). Kidney function estimating equations: where do
we stand?. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, 15(3), 276–284.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mnh.0000222695.84464.61
16. Fisher J. W. (2003). Erythropoietin: physiology and pharmacology
update. Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 228(1), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1177/153537020322800101
17. Armitage P., (1971) “Statistical Methods in Medical Research,” 1st Edition,
Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford, London.
18. Férnandez, A., Hortal, L., Rodríguez, J. C., Vega, N., Plaza, C., & Palop, L. (1991).
Anemia in dialysis: its relation to acquired cystic kidney disease and serum levels of
erythropoietin. American journal of nephrology, 11(1), 12–15.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000168265
19. Zhang, Y., Yu, C., & Li, X. (2024). Kidney Aging and Chronic Kidney Disease.
International journal of molecular sciences, 25(12), 6585.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126585
20. Pavlović-Kentera, V., Clemons, G. K., Djukanović, L., & Biljanović-Paunovic, L.
(1987). Erythropoietin and anemia in chronic renal failure. Experimental
hematology, 15(7), 785–789.
21. de Almeida, E. A., Alho, I., Marques, F., Thiran, C., Bicho, M. P., & Prata, M.
(2008). Haemoglobin and erythropoietin levels in polycystic kidney
disease. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European
Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 23(1), 412–413.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfm717
22. Artunc, F.,& Risler, T. (2007). Serum erythropoietin concentrations and responses
to anaemia in patients with or without chronic kidney disease. Nephrology, dialysis,
transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant
Association - European Renal Association, 22(10), 2900–2908.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfm316
23. Minoretti, P.,& Emanuele, E. (2024). Clinically Actionable Topical Strategies for
Addressing the Hallmarks of Skin Aging: A Primer for Aesthetic Medicine
Practitioners. Cureus, 16(1), e52548. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.52548
24. Sakamoto, S., Igarashi, T., Osumi, N., Imamoto, T., Tobe, T., Kamiya, M., & Ito, H.
(2003). Erythropoietin-producing renal cell carcinoma in chronic hemodialysis
patients: a report of two cases. International journal of urology : official journal of
the Japanese Urological Association, 10(1), 49–51.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2042.2003.00568.x
25. Robinson, S., Nag, A., Peticca, B., Prudencio, T., Di Carlo, A., & Karhadkar, S.
(2023). Renal Cell Carcinoma in End-Stage Kidney Disease and the Role of
Transplantation. Cancers, 16(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16010003
26.Saly, D. L., Eswarappa, M. S., Street, S. E., & Deshpande, P. (2021). Renal Cell
Cancer and Chronic Kidney Disease. Advances in chronic kidney disease, 28(5), 460–
468.e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2021.10.008
27. Fehr, T., Ammann, P., Garzoni, D., Korte, W., Fierz, W., Rickli, H., & Wüthrich, R.
P. (2004). Interpretation of erythropoietin levels in patients with various degrees of
renal insufficiency and anemia. Kidney international, 66(3), 1206–1211.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00880.x
28. Chandra, M., Miller, M. E., Garcia, J. F., Mossey, R. T., & McVicar, M. (1985).
Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin levels in patients with polycystic kidney
disease as compared with other hemodialysis patients. Nephron, 39(1), 26–29.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000183332
29. Kirkland, J. L.,& Tchkonia, T. (2020). Senolytic drugs: from discovery to
translation. Journal of internal medicine, 288(5), 518–536.
https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13141
30. Amor, C., Feucht, J., Leibold, J., Ho, Y. J., Zhu, C., Alonso-Curbelo, D., Mansilla-
Soto, J., Boyer, J. A., Li, X., Giavridis, T., Kulick, A., Houlihan, S., Peerschke, E.,
Friedman, S. L., Ponomarev, V., Piersigilli, A., Sadelain, M., & Lowe, S. W. (2020).
Senolytic CAR T cells reverse senescence-associated pathologies. Nature, 583(7814),
127–132. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2403-9
31.Khan, I., Khan, N., Wolfson, N., Djebabria, K., Rehman, M. E. U., & Anwer, F.
(2023). Safety of CAR-T Cell Therapy in Patients With Renal Failure/Acute Kidney
Injury: Focused Review. Clinical hematology international, 5(2-3), 122–129.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s44228-023-00037-7
32. Férnandez, A., Hortal, L., Rodríguez, J. C., Vega, N., Plaza, C., & Palop, L. (1991).
Anemia in dialysis: its relation to acquired cystic kidney disease and serum levels of
erythropoietin. American journal of nephrology, 11(1), 12–15.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000168265
33. Tarantino, G., D'Elia, F., Brusasco, S., Giancaspro, V., del Rosso, D., & Virgilio, M.
(2000). Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD): experience of a dialysis
center. Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa
italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica, 72(4), 221–224.
34. Loftus, H.,& Ong, A. C. (2013). Cystic kidney diseases: many ways to form a
cyst. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 28(1), 33–49.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-012-2221-x
35. König, J. C., Titieni, A., Konrad, M., & NEOCYST Consortium (2018). Network for
Early Onset Cystic Kidney Diseases-A Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Approach to
Hereditary Cystic Kidney Diseases in Childhood. Frontiers in pediatrics, 6, 24.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00024
36. Abbott, K. C., & Agodoa, L. Y. (2002). Polycystic kidney disease at end-stage renal
disease in the United States: patient characteristics and survival. Clinical
nephrology, 57(3), 208–214. https://doi.org/10.5414/cnp57208
37. Grantham, J. J., Torres, V. E., Chapman, A. B., Guay-Woodford, L. M., Bae, K. T.,
King, B. F., Jr, Wetzel, L. H., Baumgarten, D. A., Kenney, P. J., Harris, P. C., Klahr,
S., Bennett, W. M., Hirschman, G. N., Meyers, C. M., Zhang, X., Zhu, F., Miller, J.
P., & CRISP Investigators (2006). Volume progression in polycystic kidney
disease. The New England journal of medicine, 354(20), 2122–2130.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa054341
38. Gardner Jr KD, Burnside JS, Elzinga LW, Locksley RM. (1991). Inflammatory mediators in the progression of renal cystic disease. Nephrology; 2: 1532.
Published
2024-09-12
How to Cite
Saad Elabidi, J., Saied Abdulali, H., Fouad Mohamed, I., Sulaiman, G., & Hamad Attitalla, I. (2024). Blood Indices and Levels of Erythropoietin in Cystic Kidney Disease. GPH-International Journal of Biological & Medicine Science, 7(08), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13752917
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