Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among School Children in Tobruk City, Libya
Keywords:
Prevalence, Anemia, Iron-deficiency anemia, School children, Tobruk Eastern Libya
Abstract
Anemia continued to become a major public health problem in developing nations includingLibya. Especially, school children are more vulnerable for anemia and consequences of anemia Both Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia have considerable adverse effect on human health. Among the different negative health concerns, including stunt development, less developed immunity, lower IQ level, no proper physical work capacity, more fatigue The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in school-going children. Our study sample was consisting of 366 school age children from (6-14) years of both genders. The blood samples were collected in EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) tubes from four different health serves centers in Tobruk by trained and veteran persons. Questionnaires were utilized for the data collection, at the time of blood samples collection. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell and red blood cell (RBC) were determine by automatic hematological analyzer model. Results: Of the 366 screened school children 51.0% males and 48.0% females, were anemic (Hb<12 g/dl) 104 males (54.7%) and 120 females (57.9%). 25% females and 40% males were having Iron deficiency anemia (Hb<12 g/dl & serum ferritin<15 ng/ml). The percentage significant different between males and females in prevalence of IDA. The percentage of anemic children was also high (42%) in age group of 6 - 7years. Pale skin was the most common symptom of anemia. This study found that prevalence of anemia was a moderate public health problem in school children. Due to the complications of anemia for school children, preventative planning and control of anemia among school children in Libya is necessary.
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References
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[30] Aedh A, Elfaki NK, and Sounni EM. Iron deficiencyanemia and associated risk factors among teenagers in Najran, Saudi Arabia. Inter J Med Res Health Sci., 2019; 8(5): 108-114.
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[32] El-Hazmi, M. A. F., and Warsy, A. S. The pattern for common anaemia among Saudi children. J Trop pediat., 1999; 45(4): 221-225.
[33]-Al-Othaimeen A, Osman AK, and Al Orf SA. Prevalence of nutritional anaemia among primary school girls in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia Inter J food sci nutr.,1999;50(4):237-243.
[34] Abedini, Z., Lotfi, M. M., and Parvizi, F. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and its related factors in school age children. Pajoohandeh J., 2010;15(5): 208-212.
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[36] Tatala, S. R., Kihamia, C. M., Kyungu, L. H., and Svanbergrhaaa, U. Risk factors for anemia in school children in Tanga Region, Tanzania. Tanzania J Health Res., 2008; 10(4): 189-202.
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[38]. Kokore, B.A., Bleyere, M.N., Kamagate, S. and YapoP.A. 2016. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in children of school canteens in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Age (year), Saudi J. Biomed. Res., 5(6): 64-71.
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[41]. El Hioui, M. Farsi, M. Aboussaleh, Y. Ahami, A. and Achicha, A.:‘Prevalence of malnutrition and anemia among preschool children in Kenitra, Morocco’, Nutritional Therapy & Metabolism, 2010;28(2):73–76.
[42]. Tengco, P. Rayco-Solon, J. Solon, J. Sarol, J and Solon, F.:‘Determinants of anemia among preschool children in the Philippines’, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2008;27(2): 229–243.
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[44]. Keikhaei, B. Zandian, K. Ghasemi, A. and Tabibi, R.:‘Iron-deficiency anemia among children in southwest Iran’, Food Nutrition Bulletin, 2007;28(4):406-411.
[45]. Kundu, S.; Alam, S.S.; Mia,M.A.-T.; Hossan, T.; Hider, P.; Khalil, M.I.; Musa, K.I.; Islam, M.A. Prevalence of Anemia among Children and Adolescents of Bangladesh: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031786.
[46]. Royle, E.; Pourshahidi, K.; McSorley, E.; Magee, P. PreliminaryPrevalence of Vitamin D and Iron Deficiency in Healthy Primary School Children. Proceedings 2023, 91, 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ proceedings2023091409.
[47]. Al-Jermmy, A.S.M.; Idris, S.M.; Coulibaly-Zerbo, F.; Nasreddine, L.; Al-Jawaldeh, A. Prevalence and Correlates of Anemia among Adolescents Living in
[48]. Fouad Ibrahim, Mohamed Madi, Inas A. Yahea, Ahmed G. Elsayed, Laila M. Elgendy, Khaled M. Omran : (2020 )HE4 and Ovarian Cancers: New Era of Diagnosis. ARC Journal of Cancer Science Volume 6, Issue 2, , PP 01-05
[49]. Fouad Ibrahim, Is.Isam.H Gaddaf Eldam, Ayman Salah Eldeen Abdelsalsm, Hossam ,B. Bahnasy, Gumma Almusmary, Awad M Alhasnony , Osama H. Aldeeb: (2020) Evaluation of The Effect of Using Magnesium Sulfate in Peribulbar Block for Cataract Surgery. International Journal of Pharmaceitics and Drug Analysis .am.H Gaddaf Eldam et al., Int J. Pharm. Drug. Anal, Vol: 8, Issue: 1,; 5-11
[50]. Fouad Ibrahim,Madi MF,Elsayed AG ,Elgendy LM,Emara EA, Hawda S, Attitalla I(2021):Green Tea; Best Way to Struggle Lipid.Current Trends Med Clin Case Rep Volume: 2.3.
[2]. Adem OS, Tadsse K, Gebremedhin A. Iron deficiency aneamia is moderate public health problem among school going adolescent girls in Berahle district, afar,Northeast Ethiopia. J Food Nutr Sci. 2015; 3:10–6
[3]. Charles CV. Iron deficiency Anemia. In: Maddock PJ, editor. A public health problem of global proportions; 2012. Public Health - Methodology, Environmental and Systems Issues.
[4]. World Health Organization. Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention and control. A guide for programme managers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001,847
[5]. Mohapatra, S., Maity, S., Behera, B. and Mohanty, S. Prevalence of anaemia among school going children (< 12 years of age) in selected slum schools of Bhubaneswar, Odisha. IOSR-J Nur Health Sci., 2014; 3(6 – III): 42-46.
[6]. Tesfaye M, et al. Anemia and iron deficiency among school adolescents: burden, severity, and determinant factors in Southwest Ethiopia. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2015; 6:189–96.
[7]. Pasricha S-R, et al. Control of iron deficiency anemia in low- and middleincome countries. Blood J. 2013;121(14):2607–17.
[8].Grein. The cognitive effects of iron deficiency in non-anemic children. Nutr Noteworthy. 2001;4(1):1–6.
[9].Weissinger, F. (1999) Basic Principals and Clinical Significance of Iron-Deficiency. Fortschritte der Medizin, 115, 35- 38.
[10]. Sakiewiez, P. and Pagarini, E. (1998) The Use of Iron in Patients on Chronic Dialysis: Mistake and Misconceptions. Journal of Nephrology, 11, 5-15.
[11].Irwin, J.J. and Kirchner, J.T. (2001) Anemia in Children. American Family Physician, 64, 1379-1386.
[12].Villapando, S., Shamah-Levy, T., Ramirez-Silva, C.V., Mejia-Rodriguez, F. and Rivera, J.A. (2003) Prevalence of Anemia in Children 1 to 12 Years of Age. Results from a Nationwide Probabilistic Survey in Mexico. Salud Pública de México, 45, S490-S498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342003001000005.
[13]. Givens, D.I.; Anitha, S.; Giromini, C. Anaemia in India and Its Prevalence and Multifactorial Aetiology: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1673. https:// doi.org/10.3390/nu16111673.
[14]. Hodeida, Yemen. Children 2022, 9, 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/ children9070977.
[15]. Adokorach, G., Oyet, S. M., Muggaga, C., & Obai, G. (2024). Dietary Quality and Micronutrient Adequacy, Iron Deciency Anaemia and their Associated Factors among Adolescent Students in Acholi Sub-region of Uganda. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3969902/v1
[16]. Assefa S, Mossie A, and Hamza L. Prevalenceand severity of anemia among school children in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Hematol., 2014, 14:3. http://biomedcentral.com/20521839/14/3.
[17].Hass JD, and Brownlie T IV. Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: acritical review of the research to determine a causal relationship. J Nutr., 2001;131(2 suppl):676S-80S
[18]. Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA, Auinger P, and Szilagyi PG. Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 1381-1386.
[19]. Koc A., Kosecik, M., Vural, H., Erel, O., Ataş, A., and Tatli, M. M. The frequency and etiology of anemia among children 6-16 years of age in the southeast region of Turkey. Turkish J Ped., 2000; 42(2): 91-95.
[20]. Barduagni, P., Ahmed, A. S., Curtale, F., Raafat, M., and Mansour, E. Anaemia among school children in Qena Governorate, Upper Egypt. East Mediter Health J., 2004; 10(6): 917-919.
[21]. El-Hioui, M., Ahami, A. O. T., Aboussaleh, Y., Rusinek, S., Dik, K., and Soualem, A. Iron deficiency and anemia in rural school children in a coastal area of Morocco. Pakistani J Nutr., 2008; 7(1): 400-403.
[22]. Hassan, M.A. and Khalique N. Health status and anthropometric profile of school going children (5-15 years) in Aligarh city. Proceedings of the
29th Annual Conference of IAPSM and 9th. Annual Conference of Maharashtra, 2002; 125: 10.
[23]. Zimmermann, M.B., Zeder C., Chaouki N., Saad A., Torresani T., and Hurrell R.F. Dual fortification of salt with iodine and microencapsulated iron: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in Moroccan schoolchildren. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2003; 77: 425-432.
[24]. The LH, Brouwer ID, Burema J, Nguyen KC, andKok FJ. Efficacy of iron fortification compared to iron supplementation among Vietnamese schoolchildren. Nutr J., 2006; 5:32.
[25]. Leenstra T, Acosta LP, Langdon GC, Manalo DLOlveda RM, McGarvey ST, et al. Schistosomiasis japonica, anemia, and iron status in children, adolescents, and young adults in Leyte, Philippines. Am J Clin Nutr., 2006; 83: 371–379.
[26] Srivastava, A., S.E. Mahmood, P.M. Srivastava, V.P. Shrotriya and B. Kumar. Nutritional status of school-age children-A scenario of urban slums in India. Arch. Public Health, 2012; 70(1): 8. 10.1186/0778-7367-70-78.
[27]. Alemayehu N. Prevalence of hook worm infection and its association with anemia among students of Asendabo elementary school. Abstract, student research project, CBE program. 2nd edition. Jimma, Ethiopia: Jimma University, 2005. PP.209
[28] Zimmermann MB, Molinari L, Staubli-AsobayireF, Hess SY, Chaouki N, Adou P, et al: Serum transferrin receptor and zinc protoporphyrin as indicators of iron status in African children. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:615–623.
[29]. Gomber, S., Madan N., Lal A., and Kela K. Prevalence and etiology of nutritional anaemia among school children of urban slums. Indian J. Med. Res.,2003; 118: 167-171.
[30] Aedh A, Elfaki NK, and Sounni EM. Iron deficiencyanemia and associated risk factors among teenagers in Najran, Saudi Arabia. Inter J Med Res Health Sci., 2019; 8(5): 108-114.
[31] De Benoist, B., Cogswell, M., Egli, I., and McLean, E. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993-2005; WHO Global Database of anaemia. 2008.
[32] El-Hazmi, M. A. F., and Warsy, A. S. The pattern for common anaemia among Saudi children. J Trop pediat., 1999; 45(4): 221-225.
[33]-Al-Othaimeen A, Osman AK, and Al Orf SA. Prevalence of nutritional anaemia among primary school girls in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia Inter J food sci nutr.,1999;50(4):237-243.
[34] Abedini, Z., Lotfi, M. M., and Parvizi, F. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and its related factors in school age children. Pajoohandeh J., 2010;15(5): 208-212.
[35] Stoltzfus, and Rebecca J. Iron deficiency: global prevalence and consequences. Food Nutr Bull., 2003; 24(4): 99-103.
[36] Tatala, S. R., Kihamia, C. M., Kyungu, L. H., and Svanbergrhaaa, U. Risk factors for anemia in school children in Tanga Region, Tanzania. Tanzania J Health Res., 2008; 10(4): 189-202.
[37] Pullan, R. L., Gitonga, C., Mwandawiro, C., Snow, R. W., and Brooker, S. J. Estimating the relative contribution of parasitic infections and nutrition for anaemia among school-aged children in Kenya: a subnational geostatistical analysis. BMJ open, 2013; 3(2): e001936.
[38]. Kokore, B.A., Bleyere, M.N., Kamagate, S. and YapoP.A. 2016. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in children of school canteens in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Age (year), Saudi J. Biomed. Res., 5(6): 64-71.
[39]. Gisela, M. Pita, ‘Anemia in Children under Five Years Old in Eastern Cuba’, J MEDICC Review, 2014;16(1):16 – 23.
[40]. Kounnavong, S. Sunahara, T. and Hashizume, M.:‘Anemia and related factors in preschool children in the southern rural Lao People's Democratic Republic’, Tropical Medicine and Health, 2011;39(4):95–103.
[41]. El Hioui, M. Farsi, M. Aboussaleh, Y. Ahami, A. and Achicha, A.:‘Prevalence of malnutrition and anemia among preschool children in Kenitra, Morocco’, Nutritional Therapy & Metabolism, 2010;28(2):73–76.
[42]. Tengco, P. Rayco-Solon, J. Solon, J. Sarol, J and Solon, F.:‘Determinants of anemia among preschool children in the Philippines’, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2008;27(2): 229–243.
[43]. Ekwoch, Ui. Osuorah, D. Odetunde, O. Egbonu, I. and Ezechukwu, C.: ‘Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in anaemic under-5 children in Enugu South East Nigeria’, Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 2014;41 (2);129-132.
[44]. Keikhaei, B. Zandian, K. Ghasemi, A. and Tabibi, R.:‘Iron-deficiency anemia among children in southwest Iran’, Food Nutrition Bulletin, 2007;28(4):406-411.
[45]. Kundu, S.; Alam, S.S.; Mia,M.A.-T.; Hossan, T.; Hider, P.; Khalil, M.I.; Musa, K.I.; Islam, M.A. Prevalence of Anemia among Children and Adolescents of Bangladesh: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031786.
[46]. Royle, E.; Pourshahidi, K.; McSorley, E.; Magee, P. PreliminaryPrevalence of Vitamin D and Iron Deficiency in Healthy Primary School Children. Proceedings 2023, 91, 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ proceedings2023091409.
[47]. Al-Jermmy, A.S.M.; Idris, S.M.; Coulibaly-Zerbo, F.; Nasreddine, L.; Al-Jawaldeh, A. Prevalence and Correlates of Anemia among Adolescents Living in
[48]. Fouad Ibrahim, Mohamed Madi, Inas A. Yahea, Ahmed G. Elsayed, Laila M. Elgendy, Khaled M. Omran : (2020 )HE4 and Ovarian Cancers: New Era of Diagnosis. ARC Journal of Cancer Science Volume 6, Issue 2, , PP 01-05
[49]. Fouad Ibrahim, Is.Isam.H Gaddaf Eldam, Ayman Salah Eldeen Abdelsalsm, Hossam ,B. Bahnasy, Gumma Almusmary, Awad M Alhasnony , Osama H. Aldeeb: (2020) Evaluation of The Effect of Using Magnesium Sulfate in Peribulbar Block for Cataract Surgery. International Journal of Pharmaceitics and Drug Analysis .am.H Gaddaf Eldam et al., Int J. Pharm. Drug. Anal, Vol: 8, Issue: 1,; 5-11
[50]. Fouad Ibrahim,Madi MF,Elsayed AG ,Elgendy LM,Emara EA, Hawda S, Attitalla I(2021):Green Tea; Best Way to Struggle Lipid.Current Trends Med Clin Case Rep Volume: 2.3.
Published
2024-09-12
How to Cite
Ali Al-Khurm, K. M., OTHMAN ABDULRRAZIQ, R., Saied Abdulali, H., Saad Elabidi, J., Fouad Mohamed, I., & Hamad Attitalla, I. (2024). Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among School Children in Tobruk City, Libya. GPH-International Journal of Biological & Medicine Science, 7(08), 01-12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13751916
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