Vulvovaginal Candidiasis In Pregnant Women
Keywords:
VVC infections, candidemia patients, genotypic identification, and Candida albicans
Abstract
This study aims to analyzing demographic data of patients,isolate and identify Candida species, which causes vaginal infections, and a study of its prevalence among pregnant women in Sorman city, Libya.210 specimens collected from patients admitted to the Maternity Care Center in the combined clinic. carried immediately to the Microbiology Laboratory in the National Cancer Institute, Subrata, Libya for direct microscopy, culturing, and characterization. Each participant was given an interview questionnaire and asked about their age, educational level, employment position, and history of recurrent vaginal yeast infection. Chronic diseases were also listed on the data collecting form.Identification of Candida species using Chrome agar: A total of 100 isolates have been recovered in this study, of which 72 isolates were obtained as pure cultures on Chrome agar medium. According to their color on Chrome agar, these 72 colonies were categorized to 5 main species namely Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. Genotypic identification of Candida species in this investigation was validated by the ITS tree. Eight strains from this investigation were found in the Candida albicans clade, which had a high bootstrap value of 99 percent ML/99 percent MP. These were therefore identified as Candida albicans., Within the Candida glabrata clade, three isolates were grouped together, demonstrating a strong support value of 99% ML/99%MP. These strains were recognized as belonging to the C. glabrata species, while one isolate was recognized as belonging to the C. tropicalis species, with a high support value of 99% ML/99%MP.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ahmad A. and Khan AU. (2009): Prevalence of Candida species and potential risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis in Aligarh, India. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 144 (1):68-71.
Al-Bedak OA.; Teama EA.; Ali E.; Said M.; Shalaby E. and Moharram ZA. (2020): Impact of fumigation with phosphine on viability of wheat grains stored for six months at two levels of moisture content, in addition to description of four new records of associated fungi and assessment of their potential for enzymatic production. Journal of Basic & Applied Mycology (Egypt). 11:77-97.
Amabebe E. and Anumba DO. (2018): The vaginal microenvironment: the physiologic role of lactobacilli. Frontiers in medicine. 5:181.
Arendrup M.; Horn T. and Frimodt-Møller N. (2002): In vivo pathogenicity of eight medically relevant Candida species in an animal model. Infection. 30 (5):286-291.
Arendrup MC.; Sulim S.; Holm A.; Nielsen L.; Nielsen SD.; Knudsen JD.; Drenck NE.; Christensen JJ. and Johansen HK. (2011): Diagnostic issues, clinical characteristics, and outcomes for patients with fungemia. Journal of clinical microbiology. 49 (9):3300-3308.
Bajwa S. and Kulshrestha A. (2013): Fungal infections in intensive care unit: challenges in diagnosis and management. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 3 (2):238-244.
Bassetti M.; Righi E.; Costa A.; Fasce R.; Molinari MP.; Rosso R.; Pallavicini FB. and Viscoli C. (2006): Epidemiological trends in nosocomial candidemia in intensive care. BMC Infect Dis. 6:1-6.
Blekhman R.; Goodrich JK.; Huang K.; Sun Q.; Bukowski R.; Bell JT.; Spector TD.; Keinan A.; Ley RE. and Gevers D. (2015): Host genetic variation impacts microbiome composition across human body sites. Genome biology. 16 (1):1-12.
Calderone RA. and Fonzi WA. (2001): Virulence factors of Candida albicans. Trends in microbiology. 9 (7):327-335.
Costa M.; Passos XS.; Miranda ATB.; de Araújo RSC.; Paula CR. and Silva MdRR. (2004): Correlation of in vitro itraconazole and fluconazole susceptibility with clinical outcome for patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Mycopathologia. 157 (1):43-47.
Deak T.; Chen J. and Beuchat L. (2000): Molecular characterization of Yarrowia lipolytica and Candida zeylanoides isolated from poultry. Applied and environmental microbiology. 66 (10):4340-4344.
Deorukhkar SC.; Saini S. and Mathew S. (2014a): Virulence factors contributing to pathogenicity of Candida tropicalis and its antifungal susceptibility profile. International Journal of Microbiology https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/456878
dos Santos Abrantes PM.; McArthur CP. and Africa CWJ. (2014): Multi-drug resistant oral Candida species isolated from HIV-positive patients in South Africa and Cameroon. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 79 (2):222-227.
Edgar RC. (2004): MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic acids research. 32 (5):1792-1797.
El-Feky DS.; Gohar NM.; El-Seidi EA.; Ezzat MM. and AboElew SH. (2016): Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida isolates in cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 52 (3):269-277.
Felsenstein J. (1985): Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 39 (4):783-791.
Grigoriou O.; Baka S.; Makrakis E.; Hassiakos D.; Kapparos G. and Kouskouni E. (2006): Prevalence of clinical vaginal candidiasis in a university hospital and possible risk factors. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 126 (1):121-125.
Guzel AB.; Ilkit M.; Akar T.; Burgut R. and Demir SC. (2011): Evaluation of risk factors in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and the value of chromID Candida agar versus CHROMagar Candida for recovery and presumptive identification of vaginal yeast species. Med Mycol. 49 (1):16-25.
Kamath P.; Pais M.; Nayak MG. and D'souza CP. (2014): An awareness program on prevention of vaginal candidiasis among pregnant women. Nitte University Journal of Health Science. 4 (2):86-89.
Kencana I. and Yenny SW. (2022): The vaginal microbiota. Journal of General-Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia. 52-57.
Kovachev S. (2018): Defence factors of vaginal lactobacilli. Critical reviews in microbiology. 44 (1):31-39.
Kumar S.; Stecher G.; Li M.; Knyaz C. and Tamura K. (2018): MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular biology and evolution. 35 (6):1547-1549.
Littman DR. and Pamer EG. (2011): Role of the commensal microbiota in normal and pathogenic host immune responses. Cell Host Microbe. 10 (4):311-323.
Mahmoudabadi AZ.; Zarrin M. and Fard MB. (2012): Antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from candiduria. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 6 (1):24-28.
Mansour A.; Hamed G.; Ziba O.; Sakineh F. and Maasomeh J. (2011): Isolation and identification of Lactobacillus species from the vagina and their antimicrobial properties. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 5 (20):3300-3304.
Mayer FL.; Wilson D. and Hube B. (2013). Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence. 4 (2):119-128.
Mendling W (2016) Vaginal microbiota. Microbiota of the Human Body. 83-93.
Mohanty S.; Xess I.; Hasan F.; Kapil A.; Mittal S. and Tolosa JE. (2007): Prevalence & susceptibility to fluconazole of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis. Indian J Med Res. 126 (3):216-224.
Moharram A.; Abdel-Ati MG. and Othman E. (2013): Vaginal yeast infection in patients admitted to Al-Azhar University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt. Journal of Basic and Applied Mycology (Egypt). 4:21-32.
Naglik JR.; Moyes DL.; Wächtler B. and Hube B. (2011): Candida albicans interactions with epithelial cells and mucosal immunity. Microbes and Infection. 13 (12-13):963-976.
Nwadioha S.; Egesie JO.; Emejuo H. and Iheanacho E. (2010): A study of female genital swabs in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 3 (7):577-579.
Odds FC. (1987): Candida infections: an overview. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 15 (1):1-5.
Oliveira PM.; Mascarenhas RE.; Lacroix C.; Ferrer SR.; Oliveira RPC.; Cravo EA.; Alves APR. and Grassi MFR. (2011): Candida species isolated from the vaginal mucosa of HIV-infected women in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. 15 (3):239-244.
Petrova MI.; Lievens E.; Malik S.; Imholz N. and Lebeer S. (2015): Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health. Frontiers in physiology. 6: 81.
Posada D. and Crandall KA. (1998): Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). 14 (9):817-818.
Rad MM.; Zafarghandi S.; Abbasabadi B. and Tavallaee M. (2011): The epidemiology of Candida species associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis in an Iranian patient population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 155 (2):199-203.
Salari S.; Bakhshi T.; Sharififar F.; Naseri A. and Almani PGN. (2016): Evaluation of antifungal activity of standardized extract of Salvia rhytidea Benth.(Lamiaceae) against various Candida isolates. J Mycol Med. 26 (4):323-330.
Seifi Z.; Mahmoudabadi AZ. and Zarrin M. (2015): Extracellular enzymes and susceptibility to fluconazole in Candida strains isolated from patients with vaginitis and healthy individuals. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 8 (3):1-5.
Shaaban OM.; Abbas AM.; Moharram AM.; Farhan MM. and Hassanen IH. (2015): Does vaginal douching affect the type of candidal vulvovaginal infection? Med Mycol. 53 (8):817-827.
Shrief R.; Zaki M.; El-Sehsah E. M.; Ghaleb S. andMofreh M. (2019): Study of Antifungal Susceptibility, Virulence Genes and Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans. The Open Microbiology Journal Content list available at: https://openmicrobiologyjournal.com
Sobel JD. (2006): The emergence of non-albicans Candida species as causes of invasive candidiasis and candidemia. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 8 (6):427-433.
Sobel JD. (2014): Genital candidiasis. Medicine. 42 (7):364-368. doi: https://doi.org/ 10. 1016/j.mpmed. 2014.04.006
Sobel JD. (2015): Candidiasis. In: Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal Infections. Springer, pp. 101-117.
Underhill DM. and Iliev ID. (2014): The mycobiota: interactions between commensal fungi and the host immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 14 (6):405-416. doi:10.1038/nri3684
Vazquez JA. and Sobel JD. (2002): Mucosal candidiasis. Infectious disease clinics of North America. 16 (4):793-820.
White TJ.; Bruns T.; Lee S. and Taylor J. (1990): Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. 18 (1):315-32
Al-Bedak OA.; Teama EA.; Ali E.; Said M.; Shalaby E. and Moharram ZA. (2020): Impact of fumigation with phosphine on viability of wheat grains stored for six months at two levels of moisture content, in addition to description of four new records of associated fungi and assessment of their potential for enzymatic production. Journal of Basic & Applied Mycology (Egypt). 11:77-97.
Amabebe E. and Anumba DO. (2018): The vaginal microenvironment: the physiologic role of lactobacilli. Frontiers in medicine. 5:181.
Arendrup M.; Horn T. and Frimodt-Møller N. (2002): In vivo pathogenicity of eight medically relevant Candida species in an animal model. Infection. 30 (5):286-291.
Arendrup MC.; Sulim S.; Holm A.; Nielsen L.; Nielsen SD.; Knudsen JD.; Drenck NE.; Christensen JJ. and Johansen HK. (2011): Diagnostic issues, clinical characteristics, and outcomes for patients with fungemia. Journal of clinical microbiology. 49 (9):3300-3308.
Bajwa S. and Kulshrestha A. (2013): Fungal infections in intensive care unit: challenges in diagnosis and management. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 3 (2):238-244.
Bassetti M.; Righi E.; Costa A.; Fasce R.; Molinari MP.; Rosso R.; Pallavicini FB. and Viscoli C. (2006): Epidemiological trends in nosocomial candidemia in intensive care. BMC Infect Dis. 6:1-6.
Blekhman R.; Goodrich JK.; Huang K.; Sun Q.; Bukowski R.; Bell JT.; Spector TD.; Keinan A.; Ley RE. and Gevers D. (2015): Host genetic variation impacts microbiome composition across human body sites. Genome biology. 16 (1):1-12.
Calderone RA. and Fonzi WA. (2001): Virulence factors of Candida albicans. Trends in microbiology. 9 (7):327-335.
Costa M.; Passos XS.; Miranda ATB.; de Araújo RSC.; Paula CR. and Silva MdRR. (2004): Correlation of in vitro itraconazole and fluconazole susceptibility with clinical outcome for patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Mycopathologia. 157 (1):43-47.
Deak T.; Chen J. and Beuchat L. (2000): Molecular characterization of Yarrowia lipolytica and Candida zeylanoides isolated from poultry. Applied and environmental microbiology. 66 (10):4340-4344.
Deorukhkar SC.; Saini S. and Mathew S. (2014a): Virulence factors contributing to pathogenicity of Candida tropicalis and its antifungal susceptibility profile. International Journal of Microbiology https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/456878
dos Santos Abrantes PM.; McArthur CP. and Africa CWJ. (2014): Multi-drug resistant oral Candida species isolated from HIV-positive patients in South Africa and Cameroon. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 79 (2):222-227.
Edgar RC. (2004): MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic acids research. 32 (5):1792-1797.
El-Feky DS.; Gohar NM.; El-Seidi EA.; Ezzat MM. and AboElew SH. (2016): Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida isolates in cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 52 (3):269-277.
Felsenstein J. (1985): Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 39 (4):783-791.
Grigoriou O.; Baka S.; Makrakis E.; Hassiakos D.; Kapparos G. and Kouskouni E. (2006): Prevalence of clinical vaginal candidiasis in a university hospital and possible risk factors. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 126 (1):121-125.
Guzel AB.; Ilkit M.; Akar T.; Burgut R. and Demir SC. (2011): Evaluation of risk factors in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and the value of chromID Candida agar versus CHROMagar Candida for recovery and presumptive identification of vaginal yeast species. Med Mycol. 49 (1):16-25.
Kamath P.; Pais M.; Nayak MG. and D'souza CP. (2014): An awareness program on prevention of vaginal candidiasis among pregnant women. Nitte University Journal of Health Science. 4 (2):86-89.
Kencana I. and Yenny SW. (2022): The vaginal microbiota. Journal of General-Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia. 52-57.
Kovachev S. (2018): Defence factors of vaginal lactobacilli. Critical reviews in microbiology. 44 (1):31-39.
Kumar S.; Stecher G.; Li M.; Knyaz C. and Tamura K. (2018): MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular biology and evolution. 35 (6):1547-1549.
Littman DR. and Pamer EG. (2011): Role of the commensal microbiota in normal and pathogenic host immune responses. Cell Host Microbe. 10 (4):311-323.
Mahmoudabadi AZ.; Zarrin M. and Fard MB. (2012): Antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from candiduria. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 6 (1):24-28.
Mansour A.; Hamed G.; Ziba O.; Sakineh F. and Maasomeh J. (2011): Isolation and identification of Lactobacillus species from the vagina and their antimicrobial properties. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 5 (20):3300-3304.
Mayer FL.; Wilson D. and Hube B. (2013). Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence. 4 (2):119-128.
Mendling W (2016) Vaginal microbiota. Microbiota of the Human Body. 83-93.
Mohanty S.; Xess I.; Hasan F.; Kapil A.; Mittal S. and Tolosa JE. (2007): Prevalence & susceptibility to fluconazole of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis. Indian J Med Res. 126 (3):216-224.
Moharram A.; Abdel-Ati MG. and Othman E. (2013): Vaginal yeast infection in patients admitted to Al-Azhar University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt. Journal of Basic and Applied Mycology (Egypt). 4:21-32.
Naglik JR.; Moyes DL.; Wächtler B. and Hube B. (2011): Candida albicans interactions with epithelial cells and mucosal immunity. Microbes and Infection. 13 (12-13):963-976.
Nwadioha S.; Egesie JO.; Emejuo H. and Iheanacho E. (2010): A study of female genital swabs in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 3 (7):577-579.
Odds FC. (1987): Candida infections: an overview. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 15 (1):1-5.
Oliveira PM.; Mascarenhas RE.; Lacroix C.; Ferrer SR.; Oliveira RPC.; Cravo EA.; Alves APR. and Grassi MFR. (2011): Candida species isolated from the vaginal mucosa of HIV-infected women in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. 15 (3):239-244.
Petrova MI.; Lievens E.; Malik S.; Imholz N. and Lebeer S. (2015): Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health. Frontiers in physiology. 6: 81.
Posada D. and Crandall KA. (1998): Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). 14 (9):817-818.
Rad MM.; Zafarghandi S.; Abbasabadi B. and Tavallaee M. (2011): The epidemiology of Candida species associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis in an Iranian patient population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 155 (2):199-203.
Salari S.; Bakhshi T.; Sharififar F.; Naseri A. and Almani PGN. (2016): Evaluation of antifungal activity of standardized extract of Salvia rhytidea Benth.(Lamiaceae) against various Candida isolates. J Mycol Med. 26 (4):323-330.
Seifi Z.; Mahmoudabadi AZ. and Zarrin M. (2015): Extracellular enzymes and susceptibility to fluconazole in Candida strains isolated from patients with vaginitis and healthy individuals. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 8 (3):1-5.
Shaaban OM.; Abbas AM.; Moharram AM.; Farhan MM. and Hassanen IH. (2015): Does vaginal douching affect the type of candidal vulvovaginal infection? Med Mycol. 53 (8):817-827.
Shrief R.; Zaki M.; El-Sehsah E. M.; Ghaleb S. andMofreh M. (2019): Study of Antifungal Susceptibility, Virulence Genes and Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans. The Open Microbiology Journal Content list available at: https://openmicrobiologyjournal.com
Sobel JD. (2006): The emergence of non-albicans Candida species as causes of invasive candidiasis and candidemia. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 8 (6):427-433.
Sobel JD. (2014): Genital candidiasis. Medicine. 42 (7):364-368. doi: https://doi.org/ 10. 1016/j.mpmed. 2014.04.006
Sobel JD. (2015): Candidiasis. In: Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal Infections. Springer, pp. 101-117.
Underhill DM. and Iliev ID. (2014): The mycobiota: interactions between commensal fungi and the host immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 14 (6):405-416. doi:10.1038/nri3684
Vazquez JA. and Sobel JD. (2002): Mucosal candidiasis. Infectious disease clinics of North America. 16 (4):793-820.
White TJ.; Bruns T.; Lee S. and Taylor J. (1990): Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. 18 (1):315-32
Published
2024-04-06
How to Cite
Abdulwahhab Alfaytouri, N., Ahmed Al-Ryani, M., F. Gaballa, M., & Hamad Attitalla, I. (2024). Vulvovaginal Candidiasis In Pregnant Women. GPH-International Journal of Biological & Medicine Science, 7(03), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10936498
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2024 Nawal Abdulwahhab Alfaytouri, Mohamed Ahmed Al-Ryani, Mahmoud F. Gaballa & Idress Hamad Attitalla
Author(s) and co-author(s) jointly and severally represent and warrant that the Article is original with the author(s) and does not infringe any copyright or violate any other right of any third parties, and that the Article has not been published elsewhere. Author(s) agree to the terms that the GPH Journal will have the full right to remove the published article on any misconduct found in the published article.
